far eastern battles


.	All of China	An American In China	1936-39	Nice interactive map here
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.	All of China	Military reforms	307 BC	307 BC Wuling Of Zhou Reformed His Army. Up To That Time Zhao Commanders Riding On Horseback Still Wore Robes And Normal Court Attire. Wuling Ordered The Whole Army To Wear The NomAD Attire Of Trousers, Belt, Boots, Fur Caps And Fur Clothes. He Created A Cavalry Division In The Army And Trained Them Not Only To Charge, But In Horse Archery As Well. This Appears To Be The First Appearance Of Cavalry In The Chinese armies.
.	All of China		361 BC	Master Wu’s Book [“The Wuzi”] “Gives An Interesting Comparison Of The Troops From The Differing Chinese states”
.	All of China	Fang ch’uan ships		Peers “Warlords of China” page 148
.	All of China	Fire – lances		Peers “Warlords of China” page
.	All of China	Paddlewheel warships		Peers “Warlords of China” page 149 – 50
.	All of China	Rockets		Peers “Warlords of China” page 130-1, 143
.	All of China	Sand ships		Peers “Warlords of China” page 151
.	All of China	The ancient Qin and Han armies		In the Qin and Han conscript armies, infantry bearing shields, swords and spears existed, but there is no trace of either a "phalanx" or a "legion" style of fighting. Firepower was preferred, using well developed technology such as the composite bow and the crossbow.
.	All of China	Tower ships		Peers “Warlords of China” page 140 – 151
.	All of China	Chinese Wars	1855-1975
.	All of China	Long March	1927-1937
.	All of China	Sino-French War	1884-1885	Actions Encompassed Fukien and Vietnam, North
.	All of China	Western Han rebellions	17 – 32 AD
.	All of China	Chiang tribal rebellion	132 – 5 AD
.	All of China	Wars of the Three Kingdoms [Wei, Wu & Shu]	184 – 280AD	Lesser known battles of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
.				Sishui Pass – Jieqiao – Changban – Tong Gate –Mount Dingjun – Fancheng [Han River?] – Xiaoting – Southern Campaign – Northern Expeditions (Jieting) – Shiting
.	All of China	War of the Eight Princes ;	291 – 306	Widespread revolt in north China against the Jin Emperor
.	All of China	Huoqiang [fire lance / handgun] invented	Circa 1000	Gunpowder filled a short bamboo, later metal, tube on a pole, which could be used to set fires or propel missiles.


.	All of China	Fragmentation Bombs invented	1221 on	First use of Zhen tian lei cast iron fragmentation bombs [bamboo tubes were also employed]
.	All of China	Buddhist rebellions of the White Lotus Society	1352 – 1901	The Boxers were the last manifestation of this secret society, behind many rebellions throughout Chinese history.
.	All of China	Revolt of the Three Feudatories	1674 – 83	A widespreAD military revolt against the Emperor
.	All of China	Anglo-French war with China	1860
.	All of China		1929-49	Ten political maps of China during the Warlord and Civil war periods
.	All of China	Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)	1937 - 45
.	All of China	Chinese Civil War	1927 – 1950	Chinese Nationalist V. Communist. ALT SITE: Chinese Civil War
.	All of China	Sino – Japanese War	1931-2
.	All of China	Winter Offensive	1939 -40	Nationalists Counterattacked The Japanese, But Were Impeded By Communist attacks in their rear
.	All of China	US intervention	1945
.	Anhui	Kuei – chui	195 bc	The elderly Han Emperor beat the small local kingdom of Huai – nan.
.	Anhui	Gaixia	202 BC	[Former peasant?] Liu Bang of Han attacked, killed and destroyed the army of his former Chu ally from several directions at once
.	Anhui	Chen Sheng & Wu Guang Uprising ;	209 BC	During a period of flooding, two mandarins, Chen and Wu led uprisings all over China, in a few months leading ten thousand discontented peasants. On the battlefield, these were no match for the professional Qin soldiers and the uprising was crushed in a year.
.	Anhui	Qiao		Located in Hao county; one of the five major cities of the Wei kingdom together with Ye, Xuchang, Changan and Luoyang / Loyang.
.	Anhui	Luojian / Lo Creek	383 ad	Nr confluence of the Huai and former Fei rivers, the Former Qin beaten by the East Jin
.	Anhui	Caizhou [Ts’ai-chou]	1233 – 4	A Mongol – Song alliance drained a lake so as to assault a key tower in this Jin city’s defences
.	Anhui	Ho – yang	1355	30,000 disciplined Red Turbans beat the Mongol Yuan on the north bank of the ChangJiang/Yangtze opposite Nanjing
.	Anhui	Central Plains War	1930	Warlords Fought Over This Fertile And Rich Region Of China
.	Anhui = Anwei	Fei River	383AD	This famed battle saw the poorly coordinated former Qin army decisively defeated. Xie An’s numerically inferior army of Eastern Jin thrust itself across the Fei River, which no longer exists, but is believed to have flowed through modern Lu'an, near the Huai River. Xianbei horse covered the Qin retreat. Alternative sites: Fei River; Feishui
.		or "Feishui"


.	Anhui = Anwei	Bengbu	1948	The People's Liberation Army under Yu Ming won a decisive victory over Chiang Kai- shek's Guomindang (GMD – KUOMINTANG) forces 120 km north of Hefei, on the Huai River, opening the way to Nanking & Shanghai. Alt site: Huaihai Campaign
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.	Anhui?	Xiayi	154 BC	A southeastern alliance pushed west into the plains with an infantry force. When Han chariots and horse interdicted their supply lines, they were forced to attack a Han fortified position, unsuccessfully.
.	Anhui? Zhejiang?	Handan	1945-6	The Communists marched east to intercept and defeat three KuominT’ang [KUOMINTANG] armies advancing north along the Beiping-Hankou railway.
.	Fujian	Northern Expedition	1926-1927	KUOMINTANG & Communists Tried Jointly To Capture Shanghai From Warlords – Reds betrayed by KUOMINTANG.
.	Fujian	Foochow / Fuzhou	1884	The Chinese fleet was sunk by the French
.	Fujian	Kuningtou	1949	Red troops landed on the island of Quemoy / Kinmen , but were defenceless against Nationalist M5A1 tanks. News of this defeat was suppressed on the mainland for many years.
.	Fujian / Fukien / Ancient [Min]Yue[h]	Fujian / Fukien / Ancient [Min]Yue[h] campaign	1934	KUOMINTANG Crushed The Warlord Of The 19th Route Army
.	Gansu	Qishan	231	During the Beifa campaigns, “the Shu goal of seizing Longyou was optimistic. Qishan was garrisoned, forming an ADvance defense for Tianshui, which was itself occupied by battle-tested Wei forces. The Shu offensive began with a minor clash at Qishan”
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.	Gansu	Zangdi / Tsangti / Tibetan River	1225	On the upper Yellow river, T’angut horse attacked and bt the Song, to assist a Jurchen attack on Khitan Liao [to the east?]
.	Gansu	Dachangyuan	1228	400 Jin [Jurchen] cavalry defeated 8000 Mongols near Qingyang
.	Gansu = Kansu	Anding		Ancient city
.	Gansu = Kansu	Tianshui		South of the city lies Qishan, the strategic ground which Zhuge Liang seized in his first and fourth expeditions against Wei.
.	Gansu = Kansu	Wudu		located in the west of Cheng county
.	Gansu = Kansu	Xiliang / Wuwei		An ancient city now known as Wuwei
.	Gansu = Kansu		400 AD	Minorities in Kan-su at this time included the Khri, Tseu, Atsina, Little Yueh-che, and the Red Paint Tibetans
.	Gansu = Kansu	Dingxi	1370	Ming general Xu Da beat Mongols by a surprise attack from a fortified position
.	Gansu = Kansu	White Lotus Rebellion ;	1796 – 1804	Tibetan Buddhist guerillas suppressed with stockADes and village militias. Alternative site
.	Gansu = Kansu	Lazikou Pass	1935	Red Army alpine troops dropped grenADes onto the KUOMINTANG defenders of a 12’ wide mountain gorge, clearing the way into the north China plains.


.	Gansu = Kansu / Kansu	Gansu = Kansu / Kansu	623 ad	Chinese distracted the Huns and, descending suddenly from a mountain, routed them from the rear.
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Opium War	1839-1842
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Hsien-Mei [Meizhou, formerly Mei-hsien, or Meixian]	221
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Canton	758	Arabs and Persians sacked Guangzhou (known to them as Sin-Kalan)
.	Guangdong = Kwantung		971 AD	Song Crossbowmen Beat Southern Han elephants
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Yaishan / Canton Bay	1279	A Naval Battle In The Xi or Pearl river delta near Hong Kong
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Yamen	March 19 1279	In a riverboat battle, Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Dynasty annihilated the last fleet of the Southern Song Dynasty in Xinhui County. A mandarin jumped with the boy Emperor from a clifftop into the sea, drowning both of them.
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Canton	1841
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Honghuagang /	1911	Unsuccessful uprising against the Qing
.		Huanghuagang Uprising;
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Guangzhou Uprising	1927	Alternative site: Guangzhou Uprising ;
.	Guangdong = Kwantung	Hong Kong	8-25 Dec 1941	British V. Japanese
.	Guangdong = Kwantung?	Fengzhou	928 AD	Southern Han lured the Chu fleet into a trap on the Xi Jiang or West River, raised a chain boom to prevent its retreat, then bombarded it with artillery.
.	Guangdong = Kwantung?	First Opium War	1839 - 42
.	Guangxi		948AD	Southern Han beat Chu using elephants carrying 10 troops each
.	Guangxi	Kunlun Pass	1054	In the suburbs of modern Nanning, Song bt Nung – argued to be a decisive battle of Chinese history
.	Guangxi	Xun gorge	1465-6	Chinese beat Yao, who were stockADed in the gorge
.	Guangxi	Jintian Uprising	1851	The Jintian Uprising (金田起義) occurred on January 11, 1851, during the late Qing Dynasty of China, in what is now Guiping City in eastern Guangxi province. A ten-thousand-strong rebel army led by Hong Xiuquan routed Imperial troops at the town of Jintian. This marked the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion
.	Guangxi	Kunlun Pass	1939	Nationalist tanks defeated a Japanese brigade in the suburbs of Nanning
.	Guangxi	Guilin-Liuzhou	1944	Despite substantial air superiority provided by USAAF and NEARA aircraft, the KUOMINTANG temporarily lost the area to the Japanese. Alternative site: Guilin-Liuzhou.


.	Guangxi / Kuangsi	Kuangsi Campaign	1944	Japanese occupied most Kuangsi province.
.	Guangxi / Kuangsi	Kuangsi Campaign	1945	Chinese recovered all the Kuangsi province.
.	Guangxi / Kwangsi	South Guangxi	1939	150.000 Chinese successfully defended Guangxi against 50.000 Japanese.
.	Guangxi?	Nanxiang	970	In The Lands Of The Southern Han, west of Guangzhou
.	Guizhou	Qinggangpo	1934	Having crossed the Red River and heADing for the ChangJiang/Yangtze on the Long March, 10,000 troops of the Red Army under Mao Zedong ran into an elite KUOMINTANG force from Sichuan / Shu Han, equally strong. Mao managed to break off contact and get his army safely back south over the Red river at Tucheng 2 miles to the west, where Lin Biao hAD earlier captured a pontoon bridge intact. The battle forced the Reds to heAD for Yunnan insteAD of Sichuan / Shu Han. To preserve Mao’s military reputation, the battle was not reported in print until the mid 1980s.
.	Hebei	Jingxing /Jing Gorge/Tao River	205 BC	The Han defeated a numerically larger army of Zhao near this defile. Han Xin feigned flight, allowing his cavalry to outflank the enemy and display many red Han banners in their rear.
.				Alternative site: Jingxing
.	Hebei	Julu	207BC	Chu, led by Xiang Yu lost to Han, led by Liu Bang. The Han Dynasty followed. Alternative site: Julu
.	Hebei	Banquan (Ban Pass).	c. 2100 BC	“After defeating Chiyou, the Yan tribe, with a view to hegemony, began a full-scale war against the Huang tribe. The Yan, however, failed and finally yielded to the Huang” ALT SITE: Banquan, now in Huailai county
.	Hebei	Zhuolu (涿鹿之战),	c. 2100 BC	Decisive battle fought between the Yellow Emperor Huangdi and Chiyou (蚩尤), leADer of the "9 Li" or "Jiu Li" tribe (九黎部落), part of the "Dong Yi" tribal-alliance (东夷集团). Ci-you's army was better equipped, so the Yellow Emperor took up a defensive position at the start of the conflict. Ci-you took ADvantage of thick fog to confuse the Yellow Emperor's troops. The Yellow Emperor countered this by inventing a “south-pointing chariot” to locate the enemy position.
.	Hebei	Banquan / Ban Pass	c 2550 BC	Now in Huailai county. The armies of Youxiong, under the Yellow Emperor and the totems of the Bear (熊), the Brown Bear (羆), the Fox (貔), the Brave (貅), the Chū (貙), and the Tiger (虎); fought the Yan Emperor of Shennong. After three major engagements around Jiezhou town, Yuncheng county, the Shennong forces submitted to the Yellow Emperor to form the Huaxia nation.
.	Hebei	Huanerzui		Mongols beat Jin near Peking
.	Hebei	Nanpi		In the northeastern part of the county of Nanpi. In 190 AD, the base of the Yuan family.
.	Hebei	Xiangyang	1268-1273	Six year conflict around the twin fortified cities of Fancheng and Xiangyang on the Han river, a western tributary of the ChangJiang/Yangtze. The Mongol cavalry was restricted by woods and the numerous fortified outposts of the Southern Song. Firearms and cannon were employed in the siege of Fancheng. Relieving forces from Szechwan & Yuezhou were defeated, & the cities eventually surrendered to Kublai Khan.
.	Hebei	Pingjin Campaign	1948-1949	Final Stages Of The Red Victory In The Civil War
.	Hebei	Jieqiao [Jie Bridge]	191 AD	In Guangzong county, the warlord Yuan Shao's 40,000 infantry repulsed a charge of 10,000 cavalry under rival warlord Gongsun Zan, who also hAD 30,000 foot. Alternative site: Jieqiao
.	Hebei	Lengkou Pass	193x	The Japanese took the pass During Operation Nekka
.	Hebei	Gaoliang River	979	Song besieging Beijing were defeated by Khitan relievers
.	Hebei	Beijing/Peking/Xijin	979
.	Hebei	Zanhuang	1115	Song were surrounded and beaten by Mongol archers in the Wuma hills, despite using grassfires as protection against outflanking moves.


.	Hebei	Beijing/Peking/Xijin	1210-1214	Tartar V. Chinese
.	Hebei	Huanerzui	1211	See Hutchinson “Dictionary of Ancient & Mediaeval Warfare” pp
.	Hebei	Beijing/ Zhongdu / Chungtu	1215	Possibly an action during the Heavenly Principle Uprising
.	Hebei	Zanhuang	1225	Near The Wuma Hills, The Song unsuccessfully raised grass fires to deter outflanking by Mongol horse archers.
.	Hebei	Xu Shouhui rebellion	1351 – 55
.	Hebei	Dumu	1449	South of Gt Wall and NE of Beijing
.	Hebei	Tumu Fortress	1449	45 kms from Huailai, the ill – organised Ming army was surrounded and destroyed by Esen’s Mongols, and the Emperor captured.
.	Hebei	Shanhaikuan / Shanhai Pass	1644	A strategic pass where the mountains [and the Great Wall] meet the Bohai sea. Now a major tourist attraction 300km east of Beijing. Outside the fortress which guarded the pass, the Manchus defeated the Ming under Li-Cheng. Fought over again in the nineteen forties.
.	Hebei	Beijing/Peking/Xijin	Apr 1644	Manchus v Ming in a Civil War
.	Hebei	Second Opium War	1856 - 8
.	Hebei	Taku Forts	1859-1860	British/French V. Chinese
.	Hebei	Beijing/Peking/Xijin	20 Jun - 14 Aug 1900	Chinese Boxers besieged Japanese and Western Allies in their legations
.	Hebei	First Zhili-Fengtian War	1922	Two warlords clashed over control of Beijing.
.	Hebei	Second Zhili-Fengtian War	1924	Two warlords clashed over control of Beijing.
.	Hebei	Defense of the Great Wall	1933	Called Operation Nekka by the Japanese, also known as the First battle of Hopei, the campaign included battles at Rehe and the famous Shanhai pass
.	Hebei	Operation Nekka	1933	Japanese Assault From Manchuria On The Great Wall
.	Hebei	Rehe / Chengde	1933	“Chengde's older name of Rehe came from the local river, Rehe or "热河", which translates as "warm river." It was so named because it did not freeze in the winter.
.	Hebei	Beiping-Tianjin ( Northern China Incident)	1937	Nipponese victory
.	Hebei	Tungchow Mutiny ;	1937	Mutiny Of Chinese Auxiliaries V Japanese outside Beijing
.	Hebei	Hundred Regiments Offensive	August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940	A major campaign of the Communist Party of China's Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. Alt site: Hundred Regiments Offensive


.	Hebei & Henan	An Shi Rebellion	756 - 763	The most catastrophic event in Chinese history apart from the Red revolution, causing an estimated 36 million deaths
.		/ Tianbao Rebellion (天寶之亂)/ An Lushan Rebellion
.	Hebei?	Zheng / Cheng	713 bc	Zheng ambushed and beat invading Northern Rong tribesmen
.	Hebei?	Qi	753 B.C	Duke of Qin defeated Quan Rong [barbarian?]
.	Hebei?	Bailangshan / Bailang Mountains	207AD	Located in the northeastern part of Beipingjun in ancient Youzhou, south of the Great Wall. Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] [of Wei?] defeated the Wuhuan steppe tribes by attacking them before they could form for battle.
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.	Hebei?	Zheng [Cheng]	384	The Xianbei [Hsein-pi] from Manchuria used dust to blind and defeat a Qin army
.	Hebei?	Zheng / Cheng	384 ad	A decoy of female Xianbei ox – riders carrying lances passed themselves off as cavalry, then emptied bags of dust into the faces of the Qin, permitting Murong Chong’s real horsemen to attack and rout them.
.	Hebei?	Sha river	986 ad	Khitans beat Chinese near Beijing
.	Hebei???	Xiangyi / Hsiang – i	369 ad	Xianbei cataphracts beat Chinese
.	Henan	Ssu shui	206 bc	Han victory 25 miles east of Loyang.
.	Henan	Yao Pass / Yaoguan	206 bc	Near Luoyang / Loyang, Han defeated Ch’in horse archers by using their standards to feign the arrival of massive reinforcements.
.	Henan	Yique	293 bc	Near Loyang, the alliance of Wei(魏) and Han(韩) was beaten by Qin general Bai Qi. Outnumbered 2 to 1, Bai Qi's army nevertheless
.				took the alliance's strongholds one by one. The battle ended with the capture of the alliance general Gongsun Xi(公孙喜).
.	Henan	Guiling / Kueiling (桂陵之戰) / Guailing / Gualiling	353 BC	Wèi general Páng Juān was forced to relieve a Qi siege of DàLiáng. He was ambushed and defeated by Sun Bin.
.	Henan	Yanling (鄢陵之戰)	575 BC	During the Spring and Autumn Period, a Jin army successfully attacked the flanks of the Zhou [Chu] army, knowing that the best enemy troops were in the centre.
.	Henan	Bi 邲 (near modern Zhengzhou 鄭州)or Pi [Anbi?]	595BC	Fought in 595 BC, between the armies of Chu and Jin. The Jin chariots came out to rescue two of their skirmish units and the Zhou [Chu]charged them. The Zhou [Chu]outflanked and defeated the Jin.
.	Henan	Yao Pass / Yaoguan	627 bc	Near Luoning, Jin ambushed and beat Qin attackers. Three years later, Qin defeated Jin on the same field, which was still covered with skeletons from the earlier battle.
.	Henan	Hong / Hung River	638 bc	Under the nominal rule of the Zhou dynasty, a Song [Henan] kingdom general nobly permitted the Chu to cross the river before attacking too late; he was defeated.
.	Henan	Hsu- ko	707 bc	Near Luoyang / Loyang, the Earl of Cheng beat Chou.


.	Henan	Zhe [Che]	717 BC	Near Zhe city, Yan defeated by a Zheng garrison emerging in their rear
.	Henan	Muye [plain of Mu]	1027 bc	Wuwang of Zhou with 300 Zhou and 50 allied chariots, plus at least 45000 “soldiers” including 3000 elite Tiger warriors, crossed the Yellow River at Mengjin. On the outskirts of the Shang capital Yin near Anyang, he beat the Shang army of hastily armed slaves. Muye is in Jixian County.
.	Henan	Sui river / Lingbi		Nr Pencheng, a famous Chu general destroyed a Han army caught against a river. NB royal presence denoted by yellow clothing and decoration at this time.
.	Henan
.	Henan	Chenliu		SE Of Kaifeng
.	Henan	Hulao Pass		North of Taihang Mountain and south of Yellow River, opposite modern Zhengzhou. Henei was beaten by Lu Bu, who is said personally to have killed the opposing general.
.	Henan	Luoyang / Loyang		In the northeast of Luoyang / Loyang county. Luoyang / Loyang was the capital of the Later Han Dynasty, reduced to ruins by Dong Zhuo but restored by Cao Pi King of Wei.
.	Henan	Puyang		Ancient city
.	Henan	Runan		In the north of Pingxing county. A supply base which suffered under the Yellow Scarves before being captured by Cao Cao.
.	Henan	Xuchang		In the east of Xuchang county in Henan. The Emperor resided in Xuchang till the end of the Han Dynasty.
.	Henan	Ye		North of the Yellow River and in the south of Ci county, Ye was the capital of Wei under Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao]. His son Cao Pi moved the capital back to Luoyang / Loyang upon his father's death.
.	Henan	Yundu	21	Han rebels beat Xin
.	Henan	Kunyang	23 ad	Near Loyang, Green Woodsmen Rebels, precursors of the Han dynasty, trapped Wang Mang of the Xin against a swollen river.
.	Henan	Luyang or Luoyang / Loyang	190
.	Henan	Yangcheng	191	Southeast of Dengfeng, in the Songshan Scenic Area, one of the UNESCO World Geoparks. The Songshan mountains include 36 peaks covering about 20 square miles.
.	Henan	Dingtao	195	“Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] secured a decisive victory over Lu Bu, thereby regaining control of In ancient Yanzhou”
.	Henan	Hongnong	195	.
.	Henan	Baima	200AD	Located in Dongjun (Presently Puyang)in ancient Yanzhou. Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] faced a bleak situation when his encampment was surrounded by the numerically larger army of Yuan Shao's. Guan Yu turned the tide of war for the beleaguered Cao troops by slaying Yuan Shao's top notch generals Yan Liang and Wen Chou.
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.	Henan	Guandu / Kuantu	200 AD	From a fort just south of the Yellow River, the rebel Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] destroyed Yuan Shao's supplies and his superior army, killed him, and became the warlord of northern China. Alternative site: Guandu.


.	Henan	Han Gorge / Hangu Pass	318	Qin beat Chu and allies. This Yellow River gorge near the modern city of Sanmen Xia has often been a battlefield.
.	Henan	Ssu shui	620 ad	About 25 miles east of Luoyang / Loyang, and on the field of a Han victory in 206 bc, T’ang armoured cavalry defeated many times their number of illsupplied and disorganised Hsia infantry in a famous victory.
.	Henan	Hulao [Hulao or Hu Pass]	621	A battle of the T’ang Dynasty near G………
.	Henan	Pei mang shan	621 ad	The Sui defenders of Luoyang / Loyang sallied unsuccessfully against the T’ang rebels, camped in the hills to the north. See Peers “Warlords of China” page 116
.	Henan	Xindian	757 ad	West of Loyang, Uighur horse allied to the T’ang outflanked and dislodged An Ching Xu ‘s rebels from a hillside position.
.	Henan	Yancheng	1140	Song bt Jurchen invaders from Manchuria
.	Henan	Mount Yu	1232	At Mount Yu 禹山, southwest of Dengzhou, Mongol met Jin and their nomad allies in a pitched battle. The Jin army had an advantage in numbers, and fought fiercely, but could not prevent the Mongol advance eastward.
.	Henan	Longhai	1946	Defeat of Yan Xishan's army near Kaifeng
.	Henan	Kaifeng	19-Aug-48	Chinese Nationalist V. Communist Just south of Yellow river
.	Henan or Shandong	Zhe	717 bc	Invading southern Yan attacked in the rear by Zheng and defeated.
.	Henan, [or Anhui?]	Three-peaked Hill (Sanfengshan 三峰山)	1232	“the Mongols adopted a strategy of exhausting the enemy. The Jin troops had had little rest all the way from Dengzhou, and had not eaten for three days because of the severing of their supply lines. Their morale was plummetting and their commanders were losing confidence. When they reached Three-peaked Hill, a snowstorm suddenly broke out. The Mongols
.				ambushed them during the retreat. The Jin army collapsed without a fight, and the Mongols pursued the fleeing Jin troops relentlessly”
.	Henan?	Yung – ch’iu	0209 bc	Nr Chenyang, a Chin general beaten & decapitated by the rebel Hsiang Liang.
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.	Henan?	Han-yuan / Han Plain	645 B.C	Yiwu of Jin refused to lend Qin grain during a famine, and instead attacked. Qin Mugong and Pi-bao fought against the Jin army in September. Mugong saw Yiwu and his horse trapped in the mud, and captured him, with the aid of 300 peasant soldiers.
.	Henan?	Shiting		Between Wu and Wei
.	Henan?	Xiapi?	197 ad	Probably South of Loyang, or alternatively on the lower Huai river in Jiangsu, Han bt rebel Yuan Shu
.	Henan?	Xiapi	197	Lu Bu Defeated Shu rebels near Luoyang / Loyang
.	Henan?	Ye	528 ad	Near Loyang, 7000 cataphracts stirred up dust to overawe many thousands of mutineers, then dispersed them with an outflanking move and one charge
.	Henan?	Shayuan	537	Western Wei invasion of the east


.	Henan?	Mangshan	543	Western Wei defeat
.	Henan?	Ye	580 ad	Near Loyang, Sui used arrows to disperse battle spectators, who disrupted the defence in their desperate retreat. Sui followed up and stormed the walls.
.	Henan??	Yanling / Yen – ling	575 bc	Hiding behind a marsh, the Marquis of Jin sent chariots to rout tribal allies on the flanks, and then concentrated against the Chu elite. This battle saw the use of multistorey “observation chariots” to see over dust clouds.
.	Henan???	Xuge / Hsuko / [Juge???]	707 bc	Zheng beat Zhou by advancing on two wings with combined forces, then concentrating against the centre
.	Hubei	Boju / Macheng	506 bc	Site of a famous battle between Wu and Shu., Macheng city is south of the Dabie Shan mountain range in northeastern Hubei, and was named in 598 AD. In 1927, a major Communist peasant revolt erupted in Macheng, under local Generals, Wang Shusheng and Chen Zaidao.
.	Hubei	Han River	506 bc	On the Han river, Wu elite troops – who were often called Tiger Warriors in China - demolished Chu camp in a dawn attack
.	Hubei	Xisaishan		A battle of the Three kingdoms period on the ChangJiang/Yangtze near. Huangshi City and Donting Lake
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.	Hubei	Zaoyang-Yichang	194x	Japs failed to force the Yangtze
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.	Hubei	Zhang Jianzhi rebellion;
.	Hubei	Bowang Slope	202 ad	Near Fancheng [now Xiangfan] on the Han river during the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang of Shu confused Cao of Wei by setting fire to a forest; Cao was then badly battered by a simultaneous attack from former peasant rebel Liu Bei's division.
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.	Hubei	Red Cliffs / Chibi	208 AD, November	Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] of Wei improvised a fleet of 220,000 men to fight Liu Bei and 50,000 Wu and Shu Southerners
.				on the ChangJiang/Yangtze. The Wei fleet was beaten with fire and the army mopped up on the riverbank. Location is in doubeat, but trADitionally at Chibi, north of Wulin, near Jiangling, just downstream from Lake Dongting. Alternative website: Red Cliffs
.	Hubei	Changban [Dangyang]	208AD	Between Liu Bei, who latter found the Kingdom of Shu, and Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao]. Liu Bei lost a battle on Changban Hill. But Zhang Fei feigned an ambush in woods behind Changban Bridge, while he stood guard on his horse at the bridge itself. This prevented Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] from crossing the stream thus relieving the pursuit.
.	Hubei	Fancheng	219	Attacking Wei Forces Were Disrupted By Flooding of the Han river, Enabling Shu defenders to defeat them.
.	Hubei	Yiling / Jiling / Xiaoting	222AD	Fought on the Yangtze near Mount Xiling and the notorious rapids of the Xiling Gorge, during the Wars of the 3 Kingdoms. During a heatwave, Liu Bei of Shu had to move his army into tinder dry forest for shade. Saboteurs from Wu set the camp on fire. As Liu Bei's men rushed for water, Wu archers shot them down. A rockslide at Ma'an Hills dealt the final blow. Liu Bei escaped to Yongan / Baidicheng (White Emperor City) with less than a thousand men. Alternative site: Answers.com
.	Hubei	Dunkou	567 ad	On the river near Wuhan
.	Hubei	Hsiang-Yang / Xiangyang / Xiangfan (modern Hsiang-fan)	1268-73	The Mongols, assisted by numerous Chinese auxiliary and technical troops, besieged this city on the Han river, a key fortress, blocking access to the ChangJiang/Yangtze. The Chinese commander surrendered on a Mongol promise to spare the population.


.	Hubei	Lumenshan	1269	On the Han river, probably south of Xianyang and Fan-cheng, a Song relief force failed to capture Mongol forts protecting siege lines.
.	Hubei	Lumenshan	1270	100 riverboats breaking out of Xianyang failed to pass the forts
.	Hubei	Lumenshan	1272	3000 Song broke through to relieve Xianyang, forcing Mongols to bring up counterweight trebuchets to take the city.
.	Hubei	Wuchang / Wu Zhang	1911	During the Xinhai Revolution, General Yin Chang took two modernised “Beiyang Army” divisions down the Beijing-Hankou Railway to attack a revolutionary army commanded by Huang Xing. Covered by artillery and the guns of the imperial fleet on the Yangtze, the Beiyang infantry attacked with a cloud of skirmishers followed by a line in close order. Against an undisciplined revolutionary army, well armed but with no machine guns, this succeeded, though the revolution eventually succeeded in ejecting the last Qing Emperor.
.	Hubei	Wuhan / Hangkow / Hanzhou	1938
.	Hubei	Suixian-Zaoyang	1939	110.000 Japanese occupied Sui in the face of 220,000 Chinese.
.		[Tsaoyang]
.	Hubei	Tsaoyang-Yichang Campaign	1940	Japanese occupied Yichang.
.	Hubei	West Hubei	1943	Nipponese Failed To Enter Sichuan / Shu Han
.	Hubei?	Tiaoyushan		Yuan v Song
.
.
.	Hubei?	ChangJiang/Yangtze River	219 AD
.	Hubei?	ChangJiang/Yangtze gorges	589 ad	Coming from Sichuan, Sui infantry stormed a Chen stockade, upon which the Chen fleet was forced to abandon defence of the rapids.
.	Hubei?	ChangJiang/Yangtze River	589	An Imperial Sui Navy Of 5-Deckers Sailed Downeariver From Sichuan / Shu Han, and defeated a superior Chen fleet by the use of spiked booms
.	Hubei?	Lizhou	963	In the bend, and north, of Lake Donting on the ChangJiang/Yangtze
.	Hubei?	ChangJiang/Yangtze valley	975
.	Hubei????	Xiangyi [Hsiang – i]	369	Undoubtedly in NE China, Northern Xianbei [Hsein-pi] Tiema catphract cavalry ambushed an infantry force from two sides and destroyed it
.	Hunan	Hung River		Chu chivalrously but fatally permitted by a novice Sung general to cross the river and deploy
.	Hunan	Lingling		Lingling county. This city was seized by Liu Bei in the aftermath of the battle of Chibi.


.	Hunan	Wu Pass [Wuguan]		Situated between Danfeng of Shaanxi Prov and Nanyang in ancient Jingzhou (Hunan). To the north of the fortified pass lie mountains while deep gorges are found southwards. Scene of many battles.
.
.	Hunan	Autumn Harvest Uprising	1927	Mao Tsedong’s first, and unsuccessful, peasant revolt – he took refuge in Jinggangshan with about 1000 survivors. ALT SITE: Autumn Harvest Uprising
.	Hunan	Lanfeng	1938	Chinese, equipped with new Soviet T-26 tanks and some Italian CV-33 tanks, counterattacked Japanese occupiers
.	Hunan	Changsha	September 17, 1939 - October 6, 1939	Japanese set out to capture Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan. Two Divisions attacked from the western bank of the Gan River in northern Jiangsu = Kiangsugxi, and four Divisions marched southward from southern Hubei
.	Hunan	Southern Honan Campaign	1941	Japanese defeat
.	Hunan	Changsha	September 6, 1941 - October 8, 1941	Offensive against Changsha by more than 120,000 Japanese troops, including naval forces. Ten Chinese armies eventually reached Changsha, retaking the city. The Japanese suffered over 10,000 deaths and retreated.
.	Hunan	Changsha	December 24, 1941 - January 15, 1942	Offensive against Changsha carried out with 120,000 soldiers in 4 divisions. The KuominT’ang army responded with 300,000 men. The Japanese army was encircled and had to retreat. Alt site: Changsha
.	Hunan	Changteh [Changde] Campaign	1943	Japanese failed to take over Changteh.
.	Hunan	Changde	1943
.	Hunan	Henan-Hunan-Guangxi	1943
.	Hunan	Central Honan Campaign	1944	Japanese failed to enter Shaanxi
.	Hunan	Changsha [Also known as the Battle of Hengyang-Changsha]	1944	Japanese attacked Changsha
.	Hunan	Hengyang	May 27th - Aug 10th, 1944	Two Japanese attacks V. Chinese
.	Hunan	Honan-Hupei Border Campaign	1945	Japanese defeat
.	Hunan	West Hunan	1945
.	Hunan??	Xinan / Hsinan	207 bc	Chu – from the Hunan area - broke a treaty to attack treacherously by night and massacre a claimed 200,000 Qin.
.	Jiangsi	Fifth Encirclement Campaign	1933 - 1934	The KUOMINTANG Successfully Employed Concrete Blockhouses, As Suggested By Their German ADvisor Von Seekt, To Squeeze The Soviet Areas. The Reds however escaped on the Long March
.
.	Jiangsi?	First Counter Encirclement Campaign	1930 - 1931


.
.	Jiangsu	Ruxukou		Sun Quan of Wu fought Cao Cao of Wei at a “much fought over junction of two rivers” , likely to be the Huai and the now-vanished Fei north of the Yangtze estuary
.
.	Jiangsu	Dragon Bay	136x	At the confluence of Hsin and Yangtze rivers, east and within sight of Nanjing’s famous Lion Hill, the Ming trapped the Han army at low tide, capturing numerous ships as well as soldiers.
.	Jiangsu	Danyang	194 AD	In Nan prefecture, Lu Xun defeats Fei Jian
.	Jiangsu	Xiapi	198 AD.	In the south of Pi county, Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] and Liu Bei successfully besieged the great warrior Lu Bu
.	Jiangsu	Danyang	208 AD	Situated in Nan prefecture. In 208AD, Liu Bei pulled out his forces from Xinye and Fancheng and brought along civilian inhabitants which greatly burdened the army's rate of retreat. Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao]'s pursuing army caught up with Liu Bei which resulted in the loss of many innocent civilian lives. Zhang Fei's feat of holding off the pursuing Cao troops at Changban bridge took place around this vicinity.
.	Jiangsu	Hefei	217	A strategic location in the northwestern part of Yangzhou, then known as Guangling. Although vastly outnumbered, the famous general Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] ordered Zhang Liao and Li Dian to distract Wu forces while Yue Jin stay to protect a fort. The assault on the fort by Sun Quan was duly deflected.
.	Jiangsu	Gaoyu / Kaoyu	685	T’ang troops set fire to reeds to provide a smokescreen under which to force a river crossing.
.	Jiangsu	Bridging of the ChangJiang/Yangtze	975 AD	Fan Ruoshui bridged the river with several thousand pontoons, permitting the Song campaign against Jiangnan = the ChangJiang/Yangtze River delta.
.	Jiangsu	Yifeng Bridge	1352	Tienwan rebels beat Imperial army
.	Jiangsu	Longwan	1360	Han sailed down the ChangJiang/Yangtze, but upon landing near Nanjing, were ambushed by the Ming
.	Jiangsu	Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye	1657	The Ming loyalist, Zheng Cheng- gong (known to the Portugese as Koxinga) built up substantial coastal naval power, and then attacked the city.
.	Jiangsu	Nien or	1855 - 68	The Rebel Army, Heavy In Cavalry, Disrupted Supply To The Govt Armies Fighting The Simultaneous Taiping Rebellion. Both Rebellions Were Eventually Put Down When The Qing Dynasty Forces Were Europeanised. ALT SITE: Nien Rebellion
.		Nian rebellion
.	Jiangsu	Nanking	1916
.	Jiangsu	Wuchang-Hankou Campaign	1938	380.000 Japanese Occupied Wuchang And Hankou In The Face Of 700,000 Chinese
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Fujiao		King Fucha 夫差 of Wu 吳 (r. 495-473) defeated Yue during the revenge battle at Fujiao 夫椒 (modern Suzhou 蘇州/Jiangsu = Kiangsu).
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Nanking		Taiping rebellion
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye / Nanking	1356	Mongol V. Chinese Rebels


.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Yingtian / Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye	1360	Mongol V. Chinese Rebels
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye	1853	Fanatical Christian Taiping puritan rebels, marching from south and west of the city, defeated and massacred a Manchu Huan army to capture the city, which was only retaken 10 years later.
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Nanking	1864	This final defeat of the Taiping rebellion cost 100,000 lives.
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye / Nanking	13-Dec-37	Chinese V. Japanese. Alternative site: Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye
.	Jiangsu = Kiangsu	Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye / Nanking	22-Apr-49	Chinese Nationalist V. Communist
.	Jiangsu?	ChangJiang/Yangtze river	1125 ad	Southern Sung successfully held the crossings against the Khitan / Liao, who were fleeing from the Jurchen.
.	Jiangsu?	Sanhe	1868	Taiping rebellion
.	Jiangsu?	Taierzhuang / Taierchwang	Evening of March 24 1938¹ - April 7, 1938	On the east bank of the Grand Canal the Japanese attacked the KUOMINTANG frontally and were encircled in numbers, forced to withdraw, but not pursued.
.				the battle disproved Japanese invincibility. Alternative site: Taierzhuang
.	Jiangxi	Kai –hsia	202 bc	Near Wuchang, Han overpowers and beats Chu
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Longshen	1934	Communists beat Nationalists - and beheADed their General.
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Lake Poyang	1363	Cannon-armed Yangtze riverboat fleets of Zhu and Yuan met. The large 3 decker Yuan boats were defeated by the smaller and more manouevreable Zhu fleet. Alternative site: Lake Poyang
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Jingangshan	1920s	The Communists under Mao commenced their insurrection from this mountain range, with the help of two bandit allies.
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Nanchang Uprising ;	1927	Reds, including Lin Piao and Deng Xiaoping, siezed power in a local coup
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Nanchang Uprising	1927	Reds Took Over The City But Were Soon Forced To Evacuate To Jingganshan
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Guangchang	1934	KUOMINTANG forces vastly superior in numbers and equipment beat the Reds. Both generals were German: the Reds by the Comintern military attaché Li De, born Otto Braun; the KUOMINTANG by German general Hans von Seekt sent to contain the Comintern threat. The Communists left on the Long March.
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Xiushui River	1939	Japanese covered the river crossing with artillery; part of the Battle of Nanchang
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Nanchang	1939	Alt site
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Shanggao / Shangkao	1941	Japanese failed to capture Shanggao
.	Jiangxi = Kiangsi	Chekiang-Kiangsi Campaign	1942	300.000 Chinese and 180.000 Japanese involved; Japanese destroyed several major airfields in the area.


.	Jiangxi?	Ying	506 BC	Wild Elephants, Stampeded With Flaming Torches, Were Fended Off By Wu Troops, Who Then Defeated The Chu army.
.	Jiangxi?	Yuzhang / Jiujiang / Luling	195	Near present day Ganzhou?
.	Ningxia	Pingcheng	200 BC	Xiongnu [= early Hun] defeated Han, and gained the then fertile Ordos region
.	Ryukyu	Japanese Occupation:	1879
.	Shaanxi	Wei river	203 bc	A famous battle. The Han made a sandbag dam and then demolished it, cutting the Chu army in half and defeating it in detail.
.	Shaanxi	Wei River	203 BC
.	Shaanxi	Xuge [Hsü-ko] / Ruge	707 BC	Probably near the city of Hao [the Western Zhou capital, 25 km south-west of Xi'an city in the village of Pudu]
.				A rebel Zheng army, deployed in a “fishscale” formation of mixed chariots and foot, drove off flanking allies and then concentrated against the Zhou centre, which retreated in good order.
.	Shaanxi	T’ongguan = T’ong Pass [Yellow River Gorges]		East of Xian, this is “Probably the most fought-over battlefield in the world”. Armies tried to force their way into the valley of the Wei, home of ancient Ch’in. Before the loess soil was eroded, this was the most fertile region of China.
.	Shaanxi	T’ongguan = T’ong Pass / Tong Gate	211	Xiliang captured Changan and threatened Wei. Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] immediately sent 10,000 troops west to T’ong Pass with orders to hold it for ten days. But one of his generals was goaded into attack. He was defeated and T’ong Pass was lost in the pursuit.
.	Shaanxi	Yangping Pass [Also known as Yangan Pass or Yangankou, Hanzhong Pass or Hanzhongjun]	215 AD	The Pass defends Hanzhong in ancient Yizhou. Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] defeated Zhang Lu's brother Zhang Wei.
.
.	Shaanxi	Yangping Pass [Also known as Yangan Pass or Yangankou]	218AD	Cao Cao [Tsao Tsao] lost the pass to Liu Bei. The subsequent
.				seizure of Hanzhong gave Shu a good staging post for invasions of Wei.
.	Shaanxi	Mount Dingjun	219	Shu fought Wei at the Yangping Pass near Hanzhong / Nancheng, a city of considerable strategic importance in the center of the Hanzhong Basin, on the Han River,
.	Shaanxi	T’ongguan = T’ong Pass [Yellow River Gorges]	537	East Wei Holds Pass Against West Wei
.	Shaanxi	Huoyi	617	At a defile in the Fen river valley near Xian, T’ang cavalry charged out of ambush to beat the Sui army.
.	Shaanxi	Ch’ien shui yuan	618 ad	West of Xian, Hsueh Chu bt T’ang
.	Shaanxi	Fu Feng	618 ad	T’ang bt Hsueh Chu
.	Shaanxi	Pengya	624 ad	Jin beat Qin with a chariot charge


.	Shaanxi	Xiao Gorge	627 ad	Jin beat Qin
.	Shaanxi	T’ongguan = T’ong Pass [Yellow River Gorges]	755 ad	The Rebel An Lushan trapped and beat the T’ang Emperor in a defile between mountains and Yellow River
.	Shaanxi	Jiashan	756	The great T’ang general Guo
.				Ziyi beat the rebels of
.				An Lushan, the first of several military and diplomatic victories.
.	Shaanxi	T’ongguan = T’ong Pass [Yellow River Gorges]	756AD	An Lu-Shan rebels broke through the pass to sack the T’ang capital.
.	Shaanxi	Xindiang [Hsintien]	757	Somewhere near Changan, T’ang infantry pinned rebels on a slope, while allied Uighur horse ascended the side of the hill and attacked from the rear.
.	Shaanxi	Hongyanchi	1473	Chinese beat Mongols & built the Ordos Loop Walls
.	Shaanxi	Yinma	1617	Near Changan, Uighur Allies Of The T’ang Covered A River Crossing Of The Main Army In The Face Of The Sui
.		Spring
.	Shaanxi?	Jinxing Pass	204 bc	Han lured Zhao from the pass, then siezed it with outflanking cavalry, equipped with many banners to deceive
.	Shaanxi?	Danyang	312 BC	Chin defeats Chu. Later that same year, the upper valley of the Han state is occupied by Chin
.	Shaanxi?	Mingtiao	1763 bc	Shang beat Xia in a thunderstorm
.	Shaanxi?	Jieting	228	Shu forces forced off a strategic mountain by Wei, due to lack of water
.	Shaanxi?	Jiling Gorge	228 AD	Famed Shu general Zhuge Liang advanced on Wei through Xie Gorge. Cao Zhen defeated Liang’s subordinates at Jiling Gorge while Liang himself besieged Mount Qi.
.
.	Shaanxi?	Wuzhangyuan Plains	234 AD	The great Shu general Zhuge Liang died just before he reached this field of battle against Wei
.
.	Shaanxi?	Sha-Yuan	537	200,OOO troops from East Wei debouched from the Tong Pass to be charged and routed by 10,000 West Wei cavalry using new shock tactics
.	Shaanxi?	Shayuan	537 ad	Between the Wei river and the T’ongguan Pass, Western Wei horse appeared suddenly out of riverbank reeds to take their eastern counterparts in flank and defeat them.


.	Shaanxi?	Yinma Spring	617	Sui troops surprised T’ang rebels crossing the Yellow River near Changan, but were then routed when 500 allied Turk horse attacked them in turn from the rear.
.	Shaanxi?	Yellow River	1226	Mongol V. T’angut
.	Shandong	Rebellion of the Seven States ;	154 BC
.	Shandong	Pengcheng	205 bc	North of the Huai river, Xiang Yu surprised and beat Liu Bang whose troops were looting the city
.	Shandong	Chu – lu	207 BC	A Chu army crossed north over the Yellow river and burnt its boats behind it to prevent troops retreating. It went on to defeat the Chin besiegers of this Chao city.
.	Shandong	Chengpu	632 BC	In western Henan, Duke Wen of Jin bt Chu commander Ziyu by feigning the retreat of one wing. Chariots created a dust cloud to obscure the reforming of the wing. Meanwhile the Jin pinned the Chu centre and defeated their other wing.
.	Shandong	Ch’ang – choh	683 bc	Chi invaders under Duke Huan routed by Lu
.	Shandong	Juye	1946	Defeat of Yan Xishan's army
.	Shandong	Ting – t’ao		Nr Chenyang, Ch’in surprised and bt Chu
.	Shandong	Beihai		Ancient city in west of Changle county
.	Shandong	Kan – she		Ch’I bt Lu
.	Shandong	Kuei – ling		On the Hantan – Taliang road, Ch’I surprised and bt straggling Wei invaders
.	Shandong	Ming Civil War	1399 - 1402	Most Fighting Took Place Along The Grand Canal
.	Shandong	Chengchang (成昌, in modern Tai'an),	22 AD	Tired Xin dynasty forces were defeated by the Chimei, or Red Eyebrows rebels (called after their battle paint). Of the twin Xin generals, Lian died and Wang fled without his troops.
.	Shandong	Red Jackets rebellion	1211 – 1225	The rebellion crushed eventually by the Mongols
.	Shandong	Weihaiwei	1895	Chinese V. Japanese
.	Shandong	Tsingtao	1914	Japanese and British troops seized this German concession port
.	Shandong	Yellow River changed course	AD 11, 194, 1289, 1853, 1939	Changes in the river’s course occurred throughout history, and normally brought famine and consequent rebellion. The 1939 flood was engineered deliberately in an attempt to thwart a Japanese ADvance.
.	[ancient Qi or Ch’i]
.	Shandong	Tsinan	14-23 Sep 1948	Chinese Nationalist V. Communist


.	Shandong = Shantung	Maling	342 BC	Sun Bin of Qi retreated into his own territory, ordering his soldiers to make fewer fires day by day, and to abandon some of their artillery, giving the impression of disorder. He then turned, ambushed and decimated Pang’s pursuing horse with 10,000 newly-invented crossbows in a heavily wooded and narrow pass near Maling.
.	Shandong = Shantung	An 鞍 (modern Jinan 濟南)	589 BC	Jin beat Qi, and gained it as a tributary.
.	Shandong = Shantung	Tsingtao / Qingtao	Sep-Nov 1914	British/Japanese V. German
.	Shandong?	Pingyin	555 bc	Possibly in Pingyuan county, the Jin deceived the Qi into abandoning an earthwork defence and then bt them
.	Shandong?	Jimo / Chimo	279 BC	Between two subkingdoms during the ineffective Zhou dynasty, Flaming straw attached to tails of 1000 oxen, dressed as silk dragons and sent against Yan besiegers accompanied by loud noise. Qi troops then sallied and routed the Yan.
.	Shandong?	Liangtianshan	883	T’ang Turkic auxiliary cavalry beat rebels, forcing them onto Mount Tai
.	Shandong?	Hsuchow [Zuchou?] Campaign	1938	250.000 Japanese Occupied Hsuchow [In ancient Xuzhou?] In The Face Of 450,000 Chinese
.	Shandong??	Masui	578 bc	Jin beat Qin
.	Shanghai	Shanghai (1937)		The Japanese landed at Shanghai but were held up by bloody street fighting and succeeded only by outflanking the city. Alternative sites: Shanghai and Shanghai
.	Shanghai	Caishi [Ts’ai-shih]	1356	Zhu Yuanzhang beat a Yuan river fleet and moved across the ChangJiang/Yangtze on Nanjing
.	Shanghai	Cixi / Tzeki	20 August 1862	“Qing forces led by the American soldier of fortune, Frederick Townsend Ward attacked Taiping rebels in a walled city. Ward was mortally wounded and was succeeded by Charles George Gordon or “Chinese Gordon”.
.	Shanghai	Shanghai expedition	Jan-32	For 34 days the Chinese defended the city and only retreated when the Japanese brought in an extra 55,000 reinforcements.
.	Shanghai province	Caishi / Ts’ai-shih / Zaishi	1161	A naval battle on the estuary of the ChangJiang/Yangtze, NE of Nanjing. The fast and maneuverable Song paddlewheel ships hid behind Jinshan island and surprised the improvised Jin fleet. The Song then bombarded the invaders with traction trebuchets, launching "thunderclap bombs," soft-cased explosives filled with lime, creating a noxious cloud when the fuses went off. The Jin were so badly defeated that the Jin Emperor was assassinated by his own men.
.	Shanxi	Mayi	133 BC	Nr Shuozhou in north Shanxi, during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
.	Shanxi	Mount Paiteng [White Peak]	200 bc	Near Pincheng and Datong, Huns under Maodun surrounded the Han Emperor and his infantry on the mountain, permitting the army to retire only after he had signed a humiliating treaty.
.	Shanxi	Datong	201 BC	Fought at a frontier fort in northern Shanxi
.	Shanxi	Ching – Hsing Pass	203bc	Han beat Chao north of Zhengzhou / Junyang and near the Ti river, by placing conscripts with their back to a river, forcing them to fight for their lives.
.	Shanxi	Tao River / Ye River / Jingjing Pass	205 BC	Chu v Han
.	Shanxi	Ch’ang – p’ing	260 bc	Chin horse archers bt Chao
.	Shanxi	Changping Gorge	260 BC	A Zhao army tried unsuccessfully to sortie out of the gorge near Gaoping in central China, where they had been trapped by the Qin. Alt site: Changping


.	Shanxi	Hsiao Pass / Hsiaoguan	628 bc	Chin ambushed by Tsin in a pass.
.	Shanxi	Yung	659 bc	The Di / Ti barbarians, inhabiting the mountains to the east of the Ordos loop, beat Wei kingdom
.	Shanxi	Pacification campaigns of Queen Fu Hao	C. 1350 BC	A QUEEN of the Shang
.				Emperor was entrusted with repeated campaigns against the Qiang and other tribes
.	Shanxi	Huo – chou		East of the Fen river, the T’ang lured out ambushed the Sui garrison.
.	Shanxi	Hu Pass [Hu guan]		Near Jinchang and SW of Taiyuan, the pass has been the scene of much conflict.
.	Shanxi	Squirrel Pass		T’ang beat Liu Wu-chou east of the Fen river
.	Shanxi	An – yi	619 ad	T’ang bt Sui near Hsia Hsien
.	Shanxi	Chieh Hsui	620 ad	T’ang beat Liu Wu – chou before this walled city, east of the Fen river and north of Squirrel Pass.
.	Shanxi	Changan	757	At this ancient Han capital NW of Xian, and south of Changan, allied Uighur horse attacked the rear of rebels who hAD pushed back the T’ang swordsmen, routing them.
.	Shanxi	Dingxian / Dingxiang	946	Chinese beat the Khitan nomads in north China
.	Shanxi	Yanghe	1449	Just inside the Great Wall, an ill – supplied Ming army was destroyed by the Oirat Mongols
.	Shanxi	Northern Shansi Campaign	1937	280.000 Chinese defeated by 200.000 Japanese, who then occupied Northern Shansi.
.	Shanxi	Pingxingguan	9th September 1937	A minor, morale-boosting victory in which 8th Route Army was able to capture a cache of weapons and annihilate a Japanese brigADe.
.	Shanxi	Xinkou	1937	Japanese Beat PLA & KUOMINTANG, neither of which hAD more than Molotov cocktails to beat their tanks
.	Shanxi	South Shanxi	1941
.	Shanxi	Shangdang Campaign	1945	In September 1945, near Changzhi in the SE of the province, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping.
.				defeated 13 divisions of Yan Xishan's army, numbering more than 35,000 men.
.	Shanxi?	Xinan [Hsinan]	207 BC	Chu rebels treacherously attacked and beat a Qin army by night
.	Shanxi??	Xianmi	221 ad	Wei feigned flight, then ambushed pursuing Huns


.	Sichuan	QuT’ang Gorge / Kuixia Gorge / Bellows Gorge		Ming victory in the magnificent 8km gorge near the city of Fengjie: “On the north shore of the ChangJiang/Yangtze, between Fengjie and Baidicheng, there is a recT’angular stone which stretches into the river. Lu Xun of Wu here defeated an army led by Liu Bei of Shu, and gave chase to him. But Zhuge Liang, who lived in Yong’an or Fengjie along the gorge, then forced the Wu army to retreat”
.	Sichuan	the “Three Lesser Gorges”,		These are on a ChangJiang/Yangtze tributary near Chongqing
.	Sichuan	Zhang Xianzhong rebellion.	16xx	The Yellow Tiger rebellion ended in one of the most astonishing genocides ever, virtually depopulating Sichuan
.	Sichuan	ChangJiang/Yangtze Gorges	36 AD	An Imperial Fleet Tried To Force Passage Into Sichuan / Shu Han.
.	Sichuan	ChangJiang/Yangtze Gorges	36 AD	Han fleet seized on an east wind to assault and burn a floating bridge blocking a gorge, possibly QuT’ang gorge near Chunking.
.	Sichuan	Mianzhu	263 AD	Near Kuanghan, Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan and grandson Zhuge Shang were killed defending the city against Deng Ai and his son Deng Zhong.
.
.	Sichuan	Bowang Mountain	1115 ad	Xingwen County, near Yibin City. The Wudouyi (a branch of the Bo) held this stronghold against Song government forces. The ancient walls and fortresses built the Bo are well preserved. There is also a waterfall pool which looks swimmable.
.
.	Sichuan	QuT’ang Gorge	1371	Ming fleet demolished suspension bridge barricades with cannon, before proceeding upriver into the Xia kingdom of Sichuan.
.	Sichuan	ChangJiang/Yangtze Gorges	1371	An Imperial Fleet Tried To Force Passage Into Sichuan / Shu Han
.	Sichuan / Shu Han	Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion ;	Circa 220	Taoist religious revolt lasting 30 years
.	Sichuan / Shu Han	Chengdu	965
.	Sichuan / Shu Han	Dajie Temple	1935	In September 1935 near the ethically Tibetan village of Baozuo, NW Sichuan, the Red 30th Army encountered and dispersed the 49th KUOMINTANG division from Songpan.
.	Sichuan / Shu Han	Luding Bridge	1935	A KUOMINTANG battalion, firing mouldy cartridges from old rifles, bolted at the approach across the ancient suspension bridge of 40 Red assault troops armed with grenades.
.	Sichuan / Shu Han?	Fang La ;	1127 circa	Gaining control of vast amounts of land south of the Yangtse, the manual labourer Fang La set up his own court and declared himself emperor. He was eventually crushed by united local armies organized by the corrupt officials he sought to destroy.
.	Sichuan [ancient Yizhou]	Jiange / Jianmen Pass / Sword Gate	263 AD	Situated in Zitong prefecture in the Jianmen Shudao National Park. Wei attacked the Ancient Plank Road to Shu through this strategic pass. Almost vertical cliffs make the pass practically impassable if defended against an army.
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.	Sichuan?	Ye	528 ad	Erzhu Rong’s “tribal” army beat Ge’s Toba mutineers “near the capital”, [possibly in the Ye valley between Han and Wei rivers???]
.	Sichuan?	Tiayushan	1265	Kublai Khan stormed Song mountain fort


.	Sichuan?	Xincheng [Hsincheng]	1365	Possibly between Han and ChangJiang/Yangtze rivers, a Ming relief force broke a Wu siege in a battle outside the city
.	South China Sea	Pescadore islands	1664	The Qing defeated rival claimants by occupying these islands off Vietnam. [The Spratly and PescADore Islands remain a potential source of regional conflict, since they are thought to command marine oil deposits]
.	South China Sea	Pirate Queen	1820	Ching Shih (1785-1844) AKA MADame Ching, Hsi Kai, Shih Yang, Kai Ching Yih, or Ching Yih Saou/Ching Yih Saoa/Cheng I Sao was perhaps the most successful pirate anywhere at any time. She is believed to have hAD 1,800 ships and 70,000 pirates in her fleet.
.		Zheng Yi Sao
.	Taiwan	Fort Zelanda	1661-62	Dutch V. Chinese Pirates
.	Taiwan / Formosa	Kelung forts	1884-5	French captured the forts after several attempts
.	Taiwan Strait	Bombardment of Quemoy	19xx	Quemoy (Or Kinmen)Is, With Amoy, One Of The Islands Between Taiwan And Xiamen On The Mainland. Mao Zedong bombarded the islands on several occasions, in order for internal political purposes to maintain a state of external tension.
.	Taiwan Strait	Koxinga’s campaigns	1653-64	The Ming loyalist, Zheng Cheng- gong (Koxinga) built up substantial naval power. He seized Amoy (in the Taiwan Strait)in 1653, Ch'ung-ming island in 1656, attacked Nanjing / Nanking / Yintian / Baixia / Jiankang / Jianye in 1657, and seized Formosa in 1662. The Manchus ordered an evacuation of the coastal population to a depth of ten miles from the sea. The Dutch moved their fleet to support the Manchus against the Ming in 1663-64.
.	Taiwan Strait	Yijiangshan islands	1955	Successful Red Amphibious Invasion Of These [And Other] Islands In The Taiwan strait, but not without fighting
.	Yunnan	Yunnan-Myanmar / Burma Road	194x	Chinese contributed at least two divisions to combating Japanese in Burma in defence of their vital supply road to Chunking.
.	Yunnan	Jinsha River	1253	Mongols crossed a river on inflated sheepskins to surprise and rout a Nanchao / Dali / Dali army
.	Yunnan	Jiaopingdu	193x	5000 Reds under Lin Biao fended off 10,000 KUOMINTANG for 5 days while their comrades crossed the ChangJiang/Yangtze river, also known as the Golden Sands crossing, into Sichuan.
.	Yunnan	Dali	751	The Thai Kingdom Of Nan Chao Beat The Chinese Near. Longyu, At The HeAD Of The Red River valley
.	Yunnan	Dengchuan	754	Nanchao / Dali / Nanzhao Thais allied with Tibet defeated T’ang invaders for a second time
.	Yunnan	Tiegia	784	Nanchao stormed a Tibetan fort protecting the suspension bridge which was their main route in to Yunnan
.	Yunnan	Luchuan-Pingmian Wars	1436-49	This series of four disastrous wars on the Yunnan frontiers against Tai chieftainships arose after a long period of Chinese diplomacy failed to resolve the state of endemic warfare among the Tai chieftainships.
.	Yunnan	Panthay Uprising:	1856 - 1873	In Yunnan, the Muslim Panthays unsuccessfully rose against the Manchus. ALT SITE: Panthay Rebellion
.	Yunnan	Pudu Bridge	1935	Assault engineers of the 2nd & 6th Red Route Armies, under the moustachioed He Long, stormed the suspension bridge over the ChangJiang/Yangtze / Golden Sands, and fought off KUOMINTANG counterattack.
.	Yunnan?	Miao Uprising	1855-72	The Miao people mounted a long, unsuccessful rising against the Manchus.
.	Zhejiang	Yangzhou	1275	At the head of the ChangJiang/Yangtze estuary


.	Zhejiang	Yifeng Bridge	1352	Near Hangzhou, The Red Turbans Beat Miao Tribal Allies Of The Mongols
.	Zhejiang	[Y]ifeng Bridge	1352	Near Hangzhou, Red Turbans routed Miao tribesmen in Mongol pay
.	Zhejiang	Red Turban Rebellion ;	1356 – 69	White Lotus followers of Persian Manichaeism along the coast formed an army identified by red turbans and banners. They founded the Ming dynasty in Nanjing.
.	Zhejiang	Tzeki / Cixi	20 Aug 1862	Assault, by Imperial Qing forces under Ward, on a walled city near the port of Ningpo during the Taiping rebellion
.	Zhejiang	Chekiang-Kiangsi Campaign	1942	300.000 Chinese and 180.000 Japanese involved; Japanese destroyed several major airfields in the area.
.	Zhejiang	ZheJiangsu = Kiangsug-Jiangsu = Kiangsugxi	1942
.	Zhejiang?	Lize	478 BC	Yue defeated its regional rival Wu
.	Zhejiang?	Zuili / Tsuili / at modern Jiaxing 嘉興	496	King Helü of Wu died during the battle against its southern neighbour Yue,
.	Zhejiang?	Xincheng / Hsincheng	1365	Ming horse charged and beat Wu besiegers