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ALL DATA FROM SENESCCENCE.INFO: http://genomics.senescence.info/genes/models.html

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Gene symbolGene nameOrganismFunction(s)ObservationsHuman homologue(s)ReferencePubMed ID

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aak-2AMP-Activated KinaseCaenorhabditis elegansEnergy sensor and signal transductionCould be a sensor that couples energy levels and insulin-like signals to lifespan. Knockout mutants have a 12% shorter lifespan.PRKAA2, PRKAA1Apfeld et al., 200415574588

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abu-11Activated in Blocked Unfolded protein responseCaenorhabditis elegansInvolved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response to unfolded proteinsOverexpression extends mean lifespan by 9% to 28%.KRTAP10-3Viswanathan et al., 200516256736

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acl-11ACyLtransferase-likeCaenorhabditis elegansLysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase LPAAT and related acyltransferaseRNA interference leads to lifespan extension.AGPAT5Lee et al., 200312447374

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aco-2ACOnitaseCaenorhabditis elegansRequired for embryonic viability, fertility, locomotion, and vulval morphogenesisRNA interference leads to lifespan extension.ACO2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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age-1AGEing alteration AGE-1, abnormal DAuer Formation DAF-23Caenorhabditis elegansPhosphoinositide-3-kinaseKnockout mutants have a 40-65% increase in mean lifespan and a 65-110% increase in maximum lifespan.PIK3CAFriedman and Johnson, 19888608934

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AGP1high-Affinity Glutamine PermeaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAmino acid transportDeletion extends chronological lifespan.SLC7A4Powers et al., 200616418483

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akt-1AKT kinase familyCaenorhabditis elegansSignal transductionRNA interference leads to lifespan extension.AKT1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Arhgap1Rho GTPase activating protein 1Mus musculusRegulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, polarity, and growthMost knockout mice were weak and died during the neonatal period. Animals that survived had a shorter lifespan (median lifespan was 12 months) and showed premature ageing-like phenotypes, including a reduction in body mass, a loss of subdermal adipose tissue, lordokyphosis, and osteoporosis.ARHGAP1Wang et al., 200717227869

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Arntlaryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-likeMus musculusAppears to be involved in circadian rhythymsKnockout mice display symptoms of premature ageing including a shorter lifespan, sarcopenia, cataracts, less subcutaneous fat, and organ shrinkage.ARNTLKondratev et al., 200616847346

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asb-2ATP Synthase B homologCaenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase, subunit b/ATP4RNA interference leads to lifespan extension.ATP5F1Hansen et al., 200516103914

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asg-1ATP Synthase G homologCaenorhabditis elegansHomolog of ATP synthase G required for growth at a normally high rate and normal osmoregulationRNA interference leads to lifespan extension.ATP5LHamilton et al., 200515998808

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asg-2ATP synthase subunitCaenorhabditis elegansKnockout mutations result in developmental arrest and increased lifespan.ATP5LTsang et al., 200111410594

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Atg8aAutophagy-specific gene 8aDrosophila melanogasterAutophagy-specific gene 8aLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 15-20%.GABARAPSimonsen et al., 200717435236

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AtmAtaxia telangiectasia mutated homolog (human)Mus musculusDNA repair and cell cycle controlMice mutant for Atm and Terc displayed progressive multi-organ system compromise and features of accelerated ageing.ATMWong et al., 200312540856

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atp-2ATP synthase F1 subunit gammaCaenorhabditis elegansGamma subunit of the F1 sector of mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthaseRNA interference results in extended lifespan.ATP5BDillin et al., 200212471266

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atp-3ATP synthase subunitCaenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase, subunit OSCP/ATP5RNA interference results in lifespan extension.ATP5OHansen et al., 200516103914

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atp-4ATP synthase subunitCaenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase, subunit Cf6 (coupling factor 6)RNA interference results in lifespan extension.Hansen et al., 200516103914

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atp-5ATP synthase subunitCaenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase, subunit d/ATP7RNA interference results extended lifespan.ATP5HHansen et al., 200516103914

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B0228.5Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial thioredoxinMutants with a deletion in the gene display a decrease in lifespan and are sensitive to oxidative stress.TXNJee et al., 200516324156

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B0261.2bTOR kinaseCaenorhabditis elegansRegulation of cell growth and differentiation in response to nutrientsRNA interference extends lifespan by about 150%.FRAP1Vellai et al., 200314668850

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B0261.4Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial ribosomal protein L4/L29RNA interference results in about 20% lifespan extension.MRPL47Lee et al., 200312447374

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B0491.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 16% increase in mean lifespan.Chen et al., 200717521386

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B0511.6Caenorhabditis elegansRNA helicaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 50%.DDX18Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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bar-1beta-cateninCaenorhabditis elegansMultifunctional protein involved in development and transcriptional regulationMay play a role in regulating daf-16 during dauer formation, particularly in conditions of oxidative stress. Deletion of bar-1 reduces mean (45%) and maximal (35%) lifespan.CTNNB1Essers et al., 200515905404

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baxBcl2-associated X proteinMus musculusApoptosisInactivation extended fertile potential and minimized age-related health problems, including bone and muscle loss, excess fat deposition, alopecia, cataracts, deafness, increased anxiety, and selective attention deficit. It did not extend lifespan.BAXPerez et al., 200717360389

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bchsblue cheeseDrosophila melanogasterScaffolding proteinMean lifespan is decreased 40-45% in bchs mutant adults. No pronounced developmental defects were observed and young adults have normal behaviors, indicating that the bchs gene is essential for normal adult survival and longevity.WDFY3Finley et al., 200312598614

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BCY1Bypass of CYclase mutationsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeA component of a signaling pathway that controls a variety of cellular processesDeletion of BCY1 results in a decrease in lifespan.PRKAR2AD'mello et al., 19948195187

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bec-1BEClin (human autophagy) homologCaenorhabditis elegansInvolved in autophagyRequired for normal dauer morphogenesis and lifespan extension. RNA interference results in a shortened lifespan.BECN1Melendez et al., 200312958363

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BmcpDrosophila melanogasterMitochondrial uncouplerKnockout flies live longer on low-calorie diets, have a decreased fertility, and gain less weight on high-calorie diets.SLC25A30Sanchez- Blanco et al., 200616387864

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Brca1Breast cancer 1Mus musculusMaintenance of genomic stabilityDeletion causes senescence in mutant embryos and cultured cells and tumorigenesis and signs of premature ageing in adult mice.BRCA1Cao et al., 200312533509

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BRE5Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by 30%.USP10Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

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Bub1bbudding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog, beta (S. cerevisiae)Mus musculusKinase involved in the spindle checkpoint functionKnockout mutant mice exhibit symptoms of accelerated ageing such as short lifespan, lordokyphosis, and fat loss.BUB1BBaker et al., 200415208629

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Bub3budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)Mus musculusKinase involved in the spindle checkpoint functionHaploinsufficiency of Bub3 and Rae1, but not haploinsufficiency of either gene by itself, reduces lifespan by 12% and appears to accelerate ageing.BUB3Baker et al., 200616476774

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C01B7.1Caenorhabditis elegansZinc finger transcription factorA target of daf-16. RNA interference results in a shortened lifespan.ZBTB41Oh et al., 200616380712

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C01F1.2Caenorhabditis elegansATP synthesisRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 23% increase in mean lifespan.SCO1Chen et al., 200717521386

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C01F6.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference results in lifespan extension.CPNE8Hansen et al., 200516103914

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C08B11.7thiolesteraseCaenorhabditis elegansUbiquitin C-terminal hydrolaseRNA interference extended lifespan.UCHL5Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C09B7.2transposaseCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.SETMARHamilton et al., 200515998808

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C18E9.10Caenorhabditis elegansCould be involved in endoplasmic reticulum stressRNA interference results in lifespan extension.SFT2D3Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C18E9.4Caenorhabditis elegansNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NDUFB3/B12 subunitRNA interference results in lifespan extension.NDUFB3Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C26B2.2Caenorhabditis elegansGuanine nucleotide binding protein MIP1Knockout mutations extend lifespan.NFE2L1Jia et al., 200415253933

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C27B7.7Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial phosphate carrier proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.TTNHamilton et al., 200515998808

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C32H11.1Caenorhabditis elegansDeoxyribonuclease II, involved in apoptotic DNA degradationRNA interference extends lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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C32H11.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C33F10.12Caenorhabditis elegansReceptor mediating netrin-dependent axon guidanceRNA interference extends lifespan.SLC25A3Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C35A11.3Caenorhabditis elegansSimilar to mucin genesRNA interference extends lifespan.MUC17Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C36H8.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.PRR12Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C39E9.1Caenorhabditis elegansDefense-related protein containing SCP domainRNA interference extends lifespan.PI16, CRISP3, CRISP1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C39F7.2Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted Zn-finger proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.TRIM9Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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C48E7.2Caenorhabditis elegansRNA polymerase III subunitRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 26% increase in mean lifespan.POLR3CChen et al., 200717521386

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C56G2.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA metabolismRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 20% increase in mean lifespan.AKAP1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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carcarnationDrosophila melanogasterVps 33, sec1 proteinLoss-of-function mutation results in a 30% maximum lifespan reduction.VPS33ASimonsen et al., 200717435236

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Casp2caspase 2Mus musculusApoptosisLoss of caspase-2 resulted in a shortened (10%) maximum lifespan and in enhanced ageing-related traits such as impaired hair growth, increased bone loss, and reduced body fat content.CASP2Zhang et al., 200717188333

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CatCatalaseDrosophila melanogasterProtects cells from hydrogen peroxideOverexpression of catalase and Sod1 result in a one-third lifespan extension, a slower rate of mortality acceleration, and a delayed loss in physical performance.CATOrr and Sohal, 19948108730

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CatCatalaseMus musculusProtects cells from hydrogen peroxideOverexpression of human catalase targeted to mitochondria extended lifespan by about 20%.Schriner et al., 200515879174

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Cav1caveolin, caveolae protein 1Mus musculusComponent of caveolae membranes in nonmuscle cellsKnockout mice are viable and fertile but exhibit an approximately 50% reduction in lifespan probably due to a combination of pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy.CAV1Park et al., 200314690422

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cchl-1Cytochrome C Heme-LyaseCaenorhabditis elegansHolocytochrome c synthase/heme-lyaseRNA interference results in about 50% lifespan extension.HCCSLee et al., 200312447374

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cco-1Cytochrome C OxidaseCaenorhabditis elegansElectron transportRNA interference extends lifespan.COX5BLee et al., 200312447374

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cco-2Cytochrome C OxidaseCaenorhabditis elegansCytochrome c oxidase, subunit Va/COX6RNA interference results in a 53-57% increase in mean lifespan.COX5AHansen et al., 200516103914

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CCS1Ccs1pSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion reduced replicative lifespan by 50%.CCSUnlu and Koc, 200717460215

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cct-4Chaperonin Containing TCP-1Caenorhabditis elegansChaperonin complexRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 28% increase in mean lifespan.CCT4Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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cct-6Chaperonin Containing TCP-1Caenorhabditis elegansChaperonin complexRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 20% increase in mean lifespan.CCT6ACurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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CCT1CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase 1Drosophila melanogasterCatalyzes the conversion of phosphocholine to CDP-cholineOverexpression results in a 6-8% increase in mean lifespan.PCYT1ALandis et al., 200312620118

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cdc-25.1Cell Division Cycle relatedCaenorhabditis elegansCell cycle regulationRNA interference resulted in increased thermotolerance and extended lifespan.CDC25AOlsen et al., 200616741121

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cdc-25.3Cell Division Cycle relatedCaenorhabditis elegansCell cycle regulationRNA interference extended lifespan. Knockout mutants also displayed increased thermotolerance and a 40% life-extension.CDC25COlsen et al., 200616741121

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CDC25Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCell cycle regulationKnockout mutants live about 50% longer than controls.RASGEF1BLin et al., 200011000115

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CDC6Cell Division CycleSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRequired for pre-replicative complex formationApproximately 20% increase in mean lifespan in knockouts.CDC6Sinclair and Guarente, 19979428525

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Cdk5Cyclin-dependent kinase 5Drosophila melanogasterCell cycleLoss-of-function mutations result in defective axon guidance, age-dependent behavioral deficits and reduced lifespan by about one third.CDK5Crowley et al., 200717368005

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Cdkn1aCyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1AMus musculusCell cycleDeletion of p21 prolongs the lifespan of telomerase-deficient mice with dysfunctional telomeres and improves the repopulation capacity and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells.CDKN1AChoudhury et al., 200717143283

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CebpaCCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alphaMus musculusTranscription factor involved in fat metabolismReplacing the CEBPA gene by CEBPB increased lifespan by about 20%.CEBPAChiu et al., 200415289464

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CebpbCCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), betaMus musculusTranscription factor involved in fat metabolismReplacing the CEBPA gene by CEBPB increased lifespan by about 20%.CEBPBChiu et al., 200415289464

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ced-3CEll Death abnormalityCaenorhabditis elegansApoptosisRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 19% increase in mean lifespan.CASP2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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ceh-18Caenorhabditis elegansPOU-class homeodomain transcription factorRNA interference extends lifespan.POU2F3Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Ceinsulin-1Caenorhabditis elegansNew insulin/IGF-like peptideGene silencing extended lifespan by 30-40%.IRS1Kawano et al., 200010873623

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che-11abnormal CHEmotaxisCaenorhabditis elegansLoss-of-function increases lifespan up to 40%.IFT140Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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che-13abnormal CHEmotaxisCaenorhabditis elegansLoss-of-function mutation increases lifespan up to 40%.ESRRBL1Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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che-2abnormal CHEmotaxisCaenorhabditis elegansChemotaxis and dauer formationLoss-of-function mutations extend lifespan up to 50%.IFT80Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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che-3abnormal CHEmotaxisCaenorhabditis elegansRequired for proper structure of sensory ciliaLoss-of-function extends lifespan by 50-100%, but life-extension is suppressed by daf-16.DYNC2H1Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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Chek2CHK2 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe)Mus musculusCell cycle checkpoint regulatorMice hypomorphic for Brca1 and double mutant for chk2 exhibit signs of premature ageing.CHEK2Cao et al., 200616675955

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chercheerioDrosophila melanogasterCytokinesis and ring canal formationOverexpression results in a 7-9% increase in mean lifespan.FLNCLandis et al., 200312620118

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chicoInsulin receptor substrate-1Drosophila melanogasterInsulin receptor substrateLifespan extension of 48% in homozygotes and 36% in heterozygotes.IRS1Clancy et al., 200111292874

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chk-1CHeckpoint KinaseCaenorhabditis eleganschk-1 encodes a CHK1-like serine threonin protein kinase that affects fertilityRNA interference increased lifespan by 15 to 25%.CHEK1Olsen et al., 200616741121

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CHL1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRequired to establish sister-chromatid pairingIt may modulate transcriptional silencing in the presence of Sir proteins. Knockouts exhibit a shortened lifespan and are hypersensitivity to heat stress.DDX11Das and Sinha, 200516182251

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cku-70Caenorhabditis KUCaenorhabditis elegansDNA-binding subunit of a DNA-dependent protein kinaseRNA interference of cku-70 further increases the lifespan of daf-2 mutants. Lifespan of daf-16 mutants was slightly decreased.XRCC6McColl et al., 200516099946

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clk-1Coenzyme Q7 homologCaenorhabditis elegansUbiquinone (coenzyme Q, CoQ) biosynthesisMutations slow down development and extend lifespan.COQ7Lakowski and Hekimi, 19968638122

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clk-2CLocK (biological timing) abnormalityCaenorhabditis elegansCould be involved in regulating telomere length and DNA damage responseMutations slow down development and extend lifespan by 12%-25%.KIAA0683Lakowski and Hekimi, 19968638122

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cmcarmineDrosophila melanogasteru-subunit of AP-3 complexLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 40%.AP3M2Simonsen et al., 200717435236

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col-93COLlagenCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes collagenRNA interference results in extended lifespan.COL1A1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Coq7demethyl-Q 7Mus musculusUbiquinone (coenzyme Q, CoQ) biosynthesisHeterozygous mice live about 15 to 30% longer than controls.COQ7Liu et al., 200516195414

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COX1Cytochrome c oxidase IPodospora anserinaCatalyses the reduction of oxygen to waterIn mutants lifespan is increased about twofold.MTCO1Begel et al., 199910330149

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crn-5Cell-death-Related NucleaseCaenorhabditis elegansApoptosisRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 41% increase in mean lifespan.EXOSC5Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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CSR2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion results in higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, augmentation of scavenging enzymes and extended lifespan.Kharade et al., 200516336970

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cst-1Caenorhabditis STE20-like kinaseCaenorhabditis elegansKnockdown of cst-1 shortens life span and accelerates tissue aging while its overexpression extends lifespan and delays ageing in a daf-16-dependent manner.MST1Lehtinen et al., 200616751106

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CTT1Cytosolic catalase TSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtection from oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxideOverexpression in combination with SOD1 increases stationary phase survival by about 10%. Overexpression of CTT1 alone slightly shortens stationary phase survival.Fabrizio et al., 200312586694

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cul-1CULlinCaenorhabditis elegansScaffolding proteinThe CUL-1 complex functions in postmitotic, adult somatic tissues of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1-signaling mutants to enhance longevity. It may act, at least in part, by promoting the transcriptional activity of DAF-16/FOXO.CUL1Ghazi et al., 200717392428

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cwp-4Coexpressed With PolycystinsCaenorhabditis elegansSimilar to mucinsRNA interference extends lifespan.MUC2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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cyc-1Cytochrome c1Caenorhabditis elegansComponent of complex IIIRNA interference results in a 45-87% increase in mean lifespan.CYC1Hansen et al., 200516103914

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cyc1cytochrome c(1)Podospora anserinaMember of complex IIIMutants have a reduced growth rate, a reduced reactive oxygen species production, and are long-lived.Sellem et al., 200617081785

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CYR1Adenylate cyclaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeKnocking out gene extends replicative life span by 75% extension.PLEKHE1Lin et al., 200012124627

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D1054.14Caenorhabditis elegansmRNA splicing factorRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 36%.PRPF38ACurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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D1054.8DehydrogenaseCaenorhabditis elegansReductases with broad range of substrate specificitiesRNA interference results in lifespan extension.DHRS10Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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D2030.4Caenorhabditis elegansNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NDUFB7/B18 subunitRNA interference extends lifespan by about 40%.NDUFB7Lee et al., 200312447374

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D2030.9Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 24%.WDR23Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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D2085.3Caenorhabditis elegansTranslationRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 18%.EIF2B5Chen et al., 200717521386

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daf-12Abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansA member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamilyMutations in daf-2 and daf-12, but not mutations in daf-12 alone, nearly quadruple lifespan.NR1H2Larsen et al., 19957789761

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daf-15Abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansGuanine nucleotide binding proteinMutations in daf-15 (raptor) extend adult lifespan.KIAA1303Jia et al., 200415253933

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daf-16Abnormal DAuer Formation DAF-16, fork head-related transcription factor (daf-16)Caenorhabditis elegansForkhead family transcription factorMutations in daf-16 suppress life-extension caused by mutations in daf-2.FOXO3AKenyon et al., 19938247153

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daf-18Abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansLipid phosphataseRequired for complete dauer formation. Overexpression increases adult lifespan in individual tissues.PTENMasse et al., 200516153634

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daf-19Abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansRFX-type transcription factorLoss-of-function mutations increase lifespan up to 50%.RFX1Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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daf-2abnormal DAuer Formation DAF-2, fork head-related transcription factor (daf-2)Caenorhabditis elegansInsulin receptor homolog, regulator of dauer formationMutants live more than twice as long as controls. This lifespan extension requires the activity of daf-16.IGF1R, INSR, INSRRKenyon et al., 19938247153

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daf-28Abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansSemi-dominant mutation increases lifespan by 10-15%.KRTAP2-4Malone et al., 19968807293

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daf-6abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansLoss-of-function mutations extend lifespan by up to 50%.PTCHD3Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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daf-9abnormal DAuer FormationCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes cytochrome P450 related to vertebrate steroidogenic hydroxylasesMutations increase lifespan up to 52%.Gerisch et al., 200111740945

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ddl-1Daf-16-Dependent Longevity (WT but not daf-16 lifespan increased)Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted coiled-coil proteinRNA interference results in lifespan extension.CCDC53Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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ddl-2Daf-16-Dependent Longevity (WT but not daf-16 lifespan increased)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference results in lifespan extension.LOC349338Hansen et al., 200516103914

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ddl-3Daf-16-Dependent Longevity (WT but not daf-16 lifespan increased)Caenorhabditis elegansKinesin light chainRNA interference results in lifespan extension.TTC19Hansen et al., 200516103914

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des-2DEgeneration SuppressorCaenorhabditis elegansAlpha subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)Mutations in both des(bs29) and des(bs30) increase lifespan by approximately 60%.CHRNA7Herndon and Driscoll, 200010838697

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dic-1human DICE1 (Deleted In Cancer) homologCaenorhabditis elegansRNA helicaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 22%.INTS6Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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din-1DAF-12 Interacting ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference had little effect on lifespan, but suppressed daf-9 life-extension.SPENLudewig et al., 200415314028

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DNA2Essential tripartite DNA replication factor with single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase, ATP-dependentSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMutants exhibit an accelerated ageing phenotype including extended cell cycle time, age-related transcriptional silencing defects, and nucleolar reorganization.DNA2LHoopes et al., 200212024027

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dncdunceDrosophila melanogastercAMP phosphodiesterasecAMP phosphodiesterase-deficient dunce mutants had an extended maximum lifespan by about 70%.PDE4DTong et al., 200717369827

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DNM1Dnm1pSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDynamin-related GTPase required for mitochondrial fission and the maintenance of mitochondrial morphDeletion delayed ageing.DNM1LScheckhuber et al., 200617173038

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Dnmt2DNA methyltransferase 2Drosophila melanogasterInvolved in DNA methylationOverexpression extended lifespan.DNMT2Lin et al., 200515533947

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dod-17Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-18Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansSimilar to nucleic acid-binding protein ASMTLRNA interference extended lifespan.ASMTLMurphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-19Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-20Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-21Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-22Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-23Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dod-24Downstream Of DAF-16 (regulated by DAF-16)Caenorhabditis elegansMember of calpain protease familyRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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dordeep orangeDrosophila melanogasterCellular transportLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 70%.VPS18Simonsen et al., 200717435236

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drr-1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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drr-2Caenorhabditis elegansmRNA cleavage and polyadenylation factor I complex, subunit RNA15RNA interference extended lifespan.WBSCR1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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DTS-3Drosophila melanogasterInvolved in ecdysone biosynthesisFemale, but not male, heterozygous mutants display a 42% increase in mean lifespan.Simon et al., 200312610309

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E03H12.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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E04F6.3Hydratase-dehydrogenase-epimeraseCaenorhabditis elegansPeroxisomal multifunctional beta-oxidation proteinRNA interference extended lifespan.HSD17B4Hansen et al., 200516103914

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eat-1EATing: abnormal pharyngeal pumpingCaenorhabditis elegansLoss-of-function mutations extend life span 10-30%.LDB3Lakowski and Hekimi, 19989789046

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eat-18EATing: abnormal pharyngeal pumpingCaenorhabditis elegansMutations extend lifespan by 15-60%.SLC44A4Lakowski and Hekimi, 19989789046

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eat-2EATing: abnormal pharyngeal pumping EAT-2Caenorhabditis elegansNicotinic Acetylcholine receptor Dalpha5 family memberMutations result in partial starvation of by disrupting the function of the pharynx and an approximately 50% extension of lifespan.CHRNA7Lakowski and Hekimi, 19989789046

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eat-3EATing: abnormal pharyngeal pumpingCaenorhabditis elegansThe eat-3(ad426) allele extends lifespan by 10%.OPA1Lakowski and Hekimi, 19989789046

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eat-6EATing: abnormal pharyngeal pumpingCaenorhabditis elegansMutations extend lifespan by 15-40%.ATP1A1Lakowski and Hekimi, 19989789046

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EcREcdysone receptorDrosophila melanogasterEcdysteroid hormone receptor activityMutant heterozygotes live 40%-50% longer than controls.NR1H3Tatar et al., 200312610294

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Ef1alpha48DElongation factor 148DDrosophila melanogasterEf1alpha48D is involved in the binding of tRNA to ribosomes during protein synthesisOverexpression results in lifespan extension by 18%-41%.EEF1A1Shepherd et al., 19892508089

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egl-10EGg Laying defectiveCaenorhabditis elegansRGS protein, expressed in neuronsRNA interference results in life-extension.RGS7Oh et al., 200616380712

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egl-3EGg Laying defectiveCaenorhabditis elegansHomolog of a mammalian proprotein convertase that participates in peptide secretionRNA interference results in life-extension.PCSK2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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egl-4EGg Laying defectiveCaenorhabditis elegansCyclic GMP-dependant protein kinase involved in multiple signalling pathwayMutations extend lifespan by up to 55%.PRKG1Hirose et al., 200312571101

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egl-45EGg Laying defectiveCaenorhabditis elegansTranslation initiation factor (eIF) complexRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 52%.EIF3S10Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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egmenigmaDrosophila melanogasterMitochondrial protein involved in lipid metabolismKnockouts exhibit increased resistance to oxidative stress and extended lifespan.Mourikis et al., 200616434470

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eif-3.BEukaryotic Initiation FactorCaenorhabditis elegansTranslation initiation factor (eIF) complexRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 51%.EIF3S9Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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eif-3.FEukaryotic Initiation FactorCaenorhabditis elegansTranslation initiation factor (eIF) complexRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 32%.EIF3S5Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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Ercc2Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 2Mus musculusHelicase involved in DNA repair and condensationMutations increase cancer incidence and appear to accelerate ageing.ERCC2de Boer et al., 200211950998

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Ercc4Excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 4Mus musculusHelicase involved in DNA repair and condensationDeletion results in severe postnatal growth defect and died at about 3 weeks of age.ERCC4Tian et al., 200414729965

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erm-1Ezrin/Radixin/MoesinCaenorhabditis elegansRadixin, moesinRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 15% mean lifespan extension.MSNCurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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ero-1Endoplasmic Reticulum OxidaseCaenorhabditis elegansEndoplasmic Reticulum OxidaseRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 32% mean lifespan extension.ERO1LCurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F08H9.5Caenorhabditis elegansC-type lectinRNA interference extends lifespan.LRP12Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F09F7.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.TCERG1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F13G3.7Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted mitochondrial carrier proteinRNA interference extends lifespan by about 25%.KIAA0446Lee et al., 200312447374

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F14B4.3Caenorhabditis elegansRNA polymerase I subunitRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 15% mean lifespan extension.POLR1BChen et al., 200717521386

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F15E6.1Caenorhabditis elegansPHD Zn-finger proteinsRNA interference extends lifespan.MLL5Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F19B6.1Caenorhabditis elegansArmadillo/beta-catenin/plakoglobinRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 35% mean lifespan extension.UCKL1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F21H12.1Caenorhabditis elegansWD40 repeat proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.RBBP5Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F23B2.4Caenorhabditis elegansLoss-of-function mutation increases lifespan up to 60%.WDR10Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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F25G6.2Caenorhabditis elegansmRNA cleavage and polyadenylationRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 24% mean lifespan extension.SYMPKCurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F26A3.4Caenorhabditis elegansDual-specificity phosphataseRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 27% mean lifespan extension.DUSP21Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F26E4Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial carrier proteinRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 21% mean lifespan extension.Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F26E4.4Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial translationRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 17% mean lifespan extension.AVENChen et al., 200717521386

.

F26E4.6Caenorhabditis elegansCytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIIc/COX8RNA interference extends lifespan.COX7CLee et al., 200312447374

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F28B3.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan by about 30%.C10orf77Lee et al., 200312447374

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F35D2.3Caenorhabditis elegansFibrillins and related proteins containing Ca2+-binding EGF-like domainsRNA interference extends lifespan.TNCLee et al., 200312447374

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F40F8.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.HRCHamilton et al., 200515998808

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F42G10.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.ATF7IPOh et al., 200616380712

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F43G9.1Caenorhabditis elegansIsocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha subunitRNA interference extends lifespan.IDH3AHamilton et al., 200515998808

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F49F1.12Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.RUNX1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F53F4.11Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 27% mean lifespan extension.RSL1D1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F55B11.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.XDHHamilton et al., 200515998808

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F55B11.3Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F55B11.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F55F3.1Caenorhabditis elegansProtein involved in Snf1 protein kinase complex assemblyRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.Ha et al., 200616673436

.

F57B10.3Caenorhabditis elegansPhosphoglycerate mutaseRNA interference extends lifespan by about 20%.Lee et al., 200312447374

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F59A3.3Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial translationRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 14% mean lifespan extension.MRPL24Chen et al., 200717521386

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F59B2.8Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood shortened the extended lifespan of daf-2(mu150) mutants. Only a negligible or small reduction in the lifespan of wild-type worms was observed in knockouts.Ghazi et al., 200717392428

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F59B8.2Caenorhabditis elegansNADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenaseRNA interference resulted in extended lifespan.NDUFB10Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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F59C6.4Caenorhabditis elegansRibosome biogenesisRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 12%.EXOSC3Chen et al., 200717521386

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F59C6.5Caenorhabditis elegansSubunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complexRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 19%.NDUFB10Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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F59G1.6Caenorhabditis elegansLarval developmentReducing the activity of lin-4 shortened life span and accelerated tissue aging, whereas overexpressing lin-4 extended life span.Boehm et al., 200516373574

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fat-7FATty acid desaturaseCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference shortened lifespan and altered fatty acid composition.SCDVan Gilst et al., 200515719061

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FBP1Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, key regulatory enzyme in the gluconeogenesis pathway, required for glucSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGlucose metabolismDeletion increased reduced production of reactive oxygen species while overexpression shortened lifespan.FBP1Kitanovic and Wolfl, 200516199065

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fbxa-121F-box A proteinCaenorhabditis elegansF-box A proteinRNA interference in adulthood shortened the extended lifespan of daf-2(mu150) mutants. Only a negligible or small reduction in the lifespan of wild-type worms was observed in knockouts.Ghazi et al., 200717392428

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Fgf23Fibroblast growth factor 23Mus musculusKnockouts have a short lifespan and display symptoms of premature ageing ageing-like including kyphosis, muscle wasting, osteopenia, emphysema, uncoordinated movement, atherosclerosis, and atrophy of the intestinal villi, skin, thymus, and spleen.FGF23Razzaque et al., 200616436465

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FIS1fission 1 (mitochondrial outer membrane) homolog (S. cerevisiae)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in membrane fissionDeletion prolonged the lifespan and improved the fitness of old mother cells.FIS1Scheckhuber et al., 200617173038

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FOB1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeKnocking out this gene extends lifespan by 30-50%.Defossez et al., 199910230397

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Foxm1Forkhead box M1Mus musculusTranscriptional regulator that is important in development and cell proliferationDeletion causes age-related deterioration in liver regeneration.FOXM1Krupczak-Hollis et al., 200314647066

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foxoForkhead box, sub-group ODrosophila melanogasterTranscriptional regulatorOverexpression extends lifespan.FOXO3AHwangbo et al., 200415175753

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frh-1FRataxin (involved in human Friedrich's ataxia) HomologCaenorhabditis elegansRegulation of mitochondrial iron transport and respirationInactivation by RNA interference resulted in small body size, reduced fertility, altered responses to oxidative stress and life-extension.FXNVentura et al., 200515771615

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ftt-2Fourteen-Three-Three familyCaenorhabditis elegansOverexpression extended life span by about 30%. Life-extension was suppressed by daf-16 inactivation.YWHAZWang et al., 200616860373

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Fwdfour wheel driveDrosophila melanogaster1-phosphatidylinositol-4-kinaseOverexpression increased mean lifespan by 7-9%.PIK4CBLandis et al., 200312620118

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FxnfrataxinMus musculusRegulation of mitochondrial iron transport and respirationDisruption results in reduced lifespan, increased oxidative stress, impaired respiration, and the development of hepatic tumors.Thierbach et al., 200516278235

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ggarnetDrosophila melanogastergamma-subunit of AP-3 complexLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 7-30%.AP3D1Simonsen et al., 200717435236

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gas-1General Anaesthetic Sensitivity abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansSubunit of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chainMutation results hypersensitivity to volatile anesthetics and oxygen and reduced lifespan.NDUFS2Kayser et al., 200415178135

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GclcGlutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunitDrosophila melanogasterCatalyzes the formation of glutathioneOverexpression extended mean and maximum lifespan by up to 50%.GCLCOrr et al., 200516148000

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GclmGlutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunitDrosophila melanogasterCatalyzes the formation of glutathioneOverexpression extended the mean lifespan by up to 24%.GCLMOrr et al., 200516148000

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GCN5Histone acetyltransferaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion suppressed extension of replicative lifespan.PCAFKim et al., 200415547318

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gcy-39Guanylyl CYclaseCaenorhabditis elegansNatriuretic peptide receptor, guanylate cyclaseRNA interference extended lifespan.NPR2Hansen et al., 200516103914

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gcy-6Guanylyl CYclaseCaenorhabditis elegansGuanylate cyclaseRNA interference extended lifespan.NPR1Murphy et al., 200312845331

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gei-15GEX Interacting proteinCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 13%.ATXN2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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GhGrowth hormoneMus musculusGrowth controlTransgenic mice overexpressing bovine GH1 are bigger than controls and display signs of premature ageing such as a shortened lifespan, glomerulosclerosis and glomerulonephritis, increased astrogliosis, and early onset of age-related changes in cognitive function.GH1Bartke, 200314583653

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GhrGrowth hormone receptorMus musculusSignal transduction of growth hormoneKnockouts are dwarf with significantly extended lifespan (40-50%).GHRCoschigano et al., 200312933651

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GhrhGrowth hormone releasing hormoneMus musculusGHRH is secreted in the hypothalamus to stimulate the secretion of growth hormoneKnockouts are dwarf with significantly extended lifespan.GHRHFlurkey et al., 200111371619

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GhrhrGrowth hormone releasing hormone receptorMus musculusKnockouts live about 20% longer than controls.GHRHRFlurkey et al., 200111371619

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giggigasDrosophila melanogasterInsulin/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathwayOverexpression results in lifespan extension.TSC2Kapahi et al., 200415186745

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GLazGlial LazarilloDrosophila melanogasterCarrier of hydrophobic substancesOverexpression resulted in increased resistance to hyperoxia and a 29% extension of mean lifespan under normoxia. Lifespan was also extended 30-60% under starvation.ApoDWalker et al., 200616581512

.

GLN3Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTranscriptional activator of genes regulated by nitrogen catabolite repressionDeletion extends chronological lifespan.Powers et al., 200616418483

.

glp-1abnormal Germ Line ProliferationCaenorhabditis elegansReceptor for a germ-line proliferation signalMutations result in defects in germ-line proliferation and extension of lifespan by about 30%.GLP1RArantes-Oliveira et al., 200211799246

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gpa-1G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitUp to 10% maximum lifespan extension in gpa-1 knockouts and a 10% decrease when gpa-1 is overexpressed. Loss-of-function of gpa-1 did not extend the lifespan of daf-2 mutants.GNAO1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

gpa-10G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitDecrease in mean lifespan by 10% in knockouts.GNA11Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

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gpa-11G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitIncrease in mean lifespan by up to 25% when gpa-11 is overexpressed and a slight (5%) but non-significant decrease in lifespan in knockouts. Lifespan extension was dependent on daf-16. Loss-of-function of odr-3 and extra copies of gpa-11 synergistically extended lifespan. Extra copies of gpa-11 shortened the lifespan of daf-2 mutants. Loss-of-function of gpa-11 in daf-2 mutants further extended lifespan.GNAI1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

gpa-15G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitNo change in lifespan in knockouts and a 20% decrease in mean lifespan when gpa-15 is overexpressed.GNAO1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

gpa-2G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitReduction in mean lifespan of 30% in knockouts and a mean lifespan extension of 12% when gpa-2 is overexpressed.GNAO1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

gpa-3G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitReduction in mean lifespan of 15% in knockouts and no change when gpa-3 is overexpressed.GNAO1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

gpa-5G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitIncrease in maximum lifespan by up to 10% in knockouts and decrease of 10% when gpa-5 is overexpressed.GNAZLans and Jansen, 200617187771

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gpa-6G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitIncrease in mean lifespan by up to 10% in knockouts and no change when gpa-6 is overexpressed.GNAO1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

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gpa-8G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitIncrease in mean lifespan by up to 20% in knockouts and decrease of 10% when gpa-8 is overexpressed.GNAT2Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

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gpa-9G Protein, Alpha subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitIncrease in maximum lifespan by up to 50% in knockouts and decrease by 20% in mean lifespan, but surprisingly increase in maximum lifespan by up to 20%, when gpa-9 is overexpressed.GNAT2Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

GPA2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeEncodes G-protein alpha subunit, which acts in parallel to Ras pathway to activate adenylate cyclaseDeletion increases lifespan by about 50%.GNAI3Lin et al., 200011000115

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gpc-1G Protein, Gamma subunitCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Gamma subunitUp to 10% increase in mean lifespan in knockouts, dependent on daf-16.GNG12Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

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gpi-1Glucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseCaenorhabditis elegansGlucose-6-phosphate isomeraseRNA interference extends lifespan.GPIHansen et al., 200516103914

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GPR1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeInteracts with Gpa2p and regulates cAMPPKA signaling pathwayDeletion increases lifespan by about 50%.GPR1Lin et al., 200011000115

.

gro-1abnormal GROwth rateCaenorhabditis eleganstRNA delta(2)-isopentenylpyrophosphate transferaseMutation extends lifespan extension by 29%.TRIT1Lakowski and Hekimi, 19968638122

.

GSRGlutathione reductaseDrosophila melanogasterRedox regulation and oxidative defenceOverexpression of glutathione reductase in transgenic flies results in increased lifespan and oxidative stress resistance, but only under hyperoxia.GSRMockett et al., 199910506576

.

gst-10Glutathione S-TransferaseCaenorhabditis elegansConjugation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)Overexpression resulted in transgenic animals with enhanced stress resistance and increased lifespan by 13-22%.GSTP1Ayyadevara et al., 200516164425

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gst-5Glutathione S-TransferaseCaenorhabditis elegansConjugation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)RNA interference decreased maximum lifespan.CHST7Ayyadevara et al., 200617157356

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H06H21.8Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted small molecule kinaseRNA interference extended lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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H28O16.1Caenorhabditis elegansF0F1-type ATP synthaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 27%.ATP5A1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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HAP4Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTranscription factor required for the metabolic shift from fermentation to respirationOverexpression extends lifespan about 40% under growth conditions favoring fermentation.GFPT2Lin et al., 200212124627

.

HAT2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMutants have an extended lifespan (by 30%).RBBP4Rosaleny et al., 200516023114

.

HellsProliferation associated SNF-2-like geneMus musculusInvolved in global genome methylationGene disruption results in growth retardation and signs of premature ageing such as graying and loss of hair, reduced skin fat deposition, osteoporosis, kyphosis, cachexia, and premature death.HELLSSun et al., 200415105378

.

hkhookDrosophila melanogasterCoiled-coiled, MVB interactionsLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 30%.HOOK3Simonsen et al., 200717435236

.

HPR5Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase involved in DNA repairMutants have a shortened lifespan.McVey et al., 200111290710

.

hrp-1human HnRNP A1 homologCaenorhabditis elegansRNA metabolismRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 49%.HNRPA3Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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hsf-1Heat shock transcription factor 1Caenorhabditis elegansTranscription factor that is activated upon heat shockRNA interference suppressed normal dauer formation and life-extension due to insulin-like signaling.Morley and Morimoto, 200414668486

.

hsp-16.1Heat Shock ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansStress-induced chaperoneOverexpression enhanced stress resistance and extended lifespan.CRYABWalker and Lithgow, 200312882326

.

hsp-16.48Heat Shock ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansStress-induced chaperoneOverexpression enhanced stress resistance and extended lifespan.CRYABWalker and Lithgow, 200312882326

.

hsp-16.49Heat Shock ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansStress-induced chaperoneOverexpression enhanced stress resistance and extended lifespan.CRYABWalker and Lithgow, 200312882326

.

hsp-4Heat Shock ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansResponse to heat shockRNA interference resulted in sick, short-lived adults.HSPA5Olsen et al., 200616741121

.

hsp-6Heat shock 70kDa protein 9B (mortalin-2)Caenorhabditis elegansStress-induced chaperoneOverexpression in transgenic worms extended lifespan by 43% for mean and 45% for maximum lifespan.HSPA9BYokoyama et al., 200211959102

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Hsp23Heat shock protein 23Drosophila melanogasterMitochondrial heat shock proteinOverexpression increases mean lifespan by more than 30% and increases the premortality phase.Morrow et al., 200414734639

.

Hsp26Heat shock protein 26Drosophila melanogasterHeat shock responseOverexpression increased stress resistance and extended the mean lifespan by 30%.Wang et al., 200415308776

.

Hsp27Heat shock protein 27Drosophila melanogasterHeat shock responseOverexpression increased stress resistance and extended the mean lifespan by 30%.HSPB1Wang et al., 200415308776

.

hsp68Heat shock protein 68Drosophila melanogasterResponse to heat shockOverexpression extends lifespan.Wang et al., 200314602080

.

hsp70Heat Shock ProteinDrosophila melanogasterHeat shock responseOverexpression in transgenic flies extended lifespan.HSPA1A, HSPA1BTatar et al., 19979363888

.

HST2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCytoplasmic member of the silencing information regulator 2 (Sir2) familyOverexpression results in chronological life-extension.SIRT3Lamming et al., 200516051752

.

htp-3Him-Three ParalogCaenorhabditis elegansChromatin modificatioonRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 19%.NEFHCurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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htrb15-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1BMus musculus5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1BKnockout mice displayed a decreased lifespan and early age-related motor decline.HTR1BSibille et al., 200717420766

.

HXK2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCatalyzes the addition of phosphate to glucose to make glucose-6-phosphateDeletion extends lifespan about 50%.GCKLin et al., 200011000115

.

IDH2Idh2pSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSubunit of mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenaseDeletion increased the mean replicative lifespan by about 30%.IDH3AKaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

ife-1Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) familyCaenorhabditis elegansA scaffold protein for translation initiation factorsRNA interference increased maximum lifespan by 7-10%.EIF4EPan et al., 200717266680

.

ife-2Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) familyCaenorhabditis elegansA scaffold protein for translation initiation factorsLoss-of-function mutation increased maximum lifespan by about 20%. It did not extend the lifespan of daf-16(RNAi) animals. TOR RNA interference further extended lifespan.EIF4EHansen et al., 200717266679

.

iff-1Initiation Factor Five (eIF-5A) homologsCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.EIF5AHamilton et al., 200515998808

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ifg-1Initiation Factor 4G (eIF4G) familyCaenorhabditis elegansA scaffold protein for translation initiation factorsRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 55% mean lifespan extension.EIF4G3Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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ifta-2IntraFlagellar Transport AssociatedCaenorhabditis elegansCiliar proteinKnockouts have an extended lifespan phenotype (40-50%) and are defective in dauer formation due to defects in daf-2 receptor signaling pathway in ciliatedsensory neurons. There was no additive effect of the ifta-2 mutation on the daf-2 longevity phenotype.RABL5Schafer et al., 200616968739

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Igfr1Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptorMus musculusIGF1 receptor that mediates growthMice heterozygous for IGF1R live 26% longer.IGF1RHolzenberger et al., 200312483226

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IndyI'm not dead yet proteinDrosophila melanogasterSodium-dependent citrate transporterFlies heterozygotic for a disruption have extended mean (87-92%) lifespan and maximum lifespan (45%). Homozygotes for the disruption show only a 10-20% increase in mean lifespan.SLC13A2Rogina et al., 200011118146

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inf-1INitiation FactorCaenorhabditis elegansScaffold protein for translation initiation factorsRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a up to 46% mean lifespan extension.EIF4A2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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InRInsulin-like 1 receptorDrosophila melanogasterInR regulates cell growth and proliferation through the dP13K/dAkt pathwayMutations result in dwarf females with extended lifespan of up to 85% and dwarf males with reduced late age-specific mortality.IGF1RTatar et al., 200111292875

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ins-1INSulin relatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes an insulin-like proteinIncreased dosage increases life span by 25%.INSPierce et al., 200111274053

.

ins-18INSulin relatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes an insulin-like proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.MDKMurphy et al., 200312845331

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ins-21INSulin relatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes an insulin-like proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

.

ins-7INSulin relatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes an insulin-like proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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InsrInsulin receptorMus musculusSignal tranduction of insulinDeletion in adipose tissue increased lifespan.INSRBluher et al., 200312543978

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inx-14INneXinCaenorhabditis elegansEmbryonic viability and fertilityRNA interference increases lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

inx-9INneXinCaenorhabditis elegansInnexin-type channelRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 28% mean lifespan extension.Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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isp-1Iron-Sulfur ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansIron sulfur protein of mitochondrial complex IIIA missense mutation leads to low oxygen consumption, decreased sensitivity to reactive oxygen species, and increased mean (60%) and maximum (100%) lifespan.UQCRFS1Feng et al., 200111709184

.

jkk-1JNK KinaseCaenorhabditis elegansSignal transductionMay regulate daf-16. Mutations result in a shortened lifespan.MAP2K4Oh et al., 200515767565

.

jnk-1Jun N-terminal KinaseCaenorhabditis elegansSignal transductionOverexpression increases lifespan by 40%.MAPK10Oh et al., 200515767565

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K01C8.6Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial translationRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 17% lifespan extension.MRPL10Chen et al., 200717521386

.

K01C8.7Caenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial FAD carrier proteinRNA interference extends lifespan by about 20%.SLC25A32Lee et al., 200312447374

.

K04G2.1Caenorhabditis elegansA subunit of the general translation-initiation factor eIF2RNA interference in adulthood increased maximum lifespan by about 30%.EIF2S2Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

K07H8.1Caenorhabditis elegansBeta-tubulin folding cofactor ERNA interference extends lifespan.TBCEHamilton et al., 200515998808

.

K08D10.7Caenorhabditis elegansPhospholipid scramblaseRNA interference extends lifespan.PLSCR1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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K08E3.5Caenorhabditis elegansUDP-glucose pyrophosphorylaseRNA interference extends lifespan.UGP2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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K10B4.3Caenorhabditis elegansPH domain protein MeltedRNA interference extends lifespan.VEPH1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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K10D2.2Caenorhabditis elegansS-M checkpoint control proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.ZCCHC11Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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K10D2.3Caenorhabditis elegansS-M checkpoint control proteinRNA interference extends lifespan results in developmental abnormalities but also a significant increase in lifespan.ZCCHC6Olsen et al., 200616741121

.

K11B4.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 16% mean lifespan extension.MRPS27Chen et al., 200717521386

.

KlKlothoMus musculusCalcium metabolismDisruption results in infertility and signs of premature ageing such as a short lifespan, arteriosclerosis, skin atrophy, osteoporosis, and emphysema.KLKuro-o et al., 19979363890

.

kri-1human KRIT 1 (Krev interaction trapped/cerebral cavernous malformation 1) homologCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes an intestinal ankyrin-repeat proteinRNA interference suppressed glp-1 life-extension but did not shorten lifespan of wildtype strains.KRIT1Berman and Kenyon, 200616530050

.

LAG1Ceramide synthase componentSaccharomyces cerevisiaeInvolved in the synthesis of ceramideDeletion increased mean and maximum lifespan by approximately 50%.LASS2D'mello et al., 19948195187

.

LAG2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeOverexpression extended mean and maximum lifespan by 36% and 54%, respectively.Childress et al., 19968760941

.

LAT1Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component (E2) of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which catalyzesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDihydrolipoamide acetyltransferaseDeletion abolished the lifespan extension conferred by calorie restriction. Overexpression extended mean lifespan by 20%, did not further extend lifespan under CR, and was not dependent on the Sir2 family. Overexpression also extended cell survival during prolonged culture at stationary phase.DLATEalson et al., 200717200108

.

lbp-4Lipid Binding ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansMember of a family of small intracellular fatty acid binding proteinsRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.CRABP2Ha et al., 200616673436

.

lbp-6Lipid Binding ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansFatty acid-binding proteinRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.FABP3Ha et al., 200616673436

.

lbp-7Lipid Binding ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansFatty acid-binding proteinRNA interference resulted in life extension.FABP3Murphy et al., 200312845331

.

lbp-9Lipid Binding ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansFatty acid-binding proteinRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.FABP4Ha et al., 200616673436

.

ldb-1LIM domain Binding ProteinCaenorhabditis elegansMember of the nuclear LIM binding protein familyRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.LDB1Oh et al., 200616380712

.

lem-2LEM domain proteinCaenorhabditis elegansComponent of nuclear laminaRNA interference resulted in a shortened lifespan.LEMD2Haithcock et al., 200516269543

.

let-60LEThalCaenorhabditis elegansRas homologActivating mutations weakly suppress constitutive dauer diapause in daf-2 and age-1 mutants and extend lifespan induced by mutation of daf-2.HRASNanji et al., 200516164423

.

lin-14abnormal cell LINeageCaenorhabditis elegansLarval developmentMutations reducing the activity of lin-14 extended lifespan by 31%.MUC17Boehm et al., 200516373574

.

lin-2abnormal cell LINeageCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes a protein belonging to the membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK)RNA interference extends lifespan.CASKOh et al., 200616380712

.

lin-23abnormal cell LINeageCaenorhabditis elegansLarval developmentRNA interference shortened the extended lifespan of daf-2(mu150) mutants. Only a negligible or small reduction in the lifespan of wild-type worms was observed in knockouts.FBXW11Ghazi et al., 200717392428

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lmn-1nuclear LaMiNCaenorhabditis elegansComponents of the nuclear laminaDeletion resulted in a shortened lifespan.LMNB1Haithcock et al., 200516269543

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Lmnalamin AMus musculusLMAN encodes components of the laminaHomozygous mice display signs of premature ageing, including a marked reduction in growth rate and death by 4 weeks of age.LMNAMounkes et al., 200312748643

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lpd-5LiPid DepletedCaenorhabditis elegansATP synthesisRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 17% mean lifespan extension.NDUFS4Chen et al., 200717521386

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lrs-2Leucyl tRNA SynthetaseCaenorhabditis elegansA mutation that impaired mitochondrial function was associated with a longer lifespan.LARS2Lee et al., 200212447374

.

ltlightDrosophila melanogasterCellular transportLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 10%.VPS41Simonsen et al., 200717435236

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LYS12Isocitrate dehydrogenaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeNAD-linked mitochondrial enzyme required for the fourth step in the biosynthesis of lysineDeletion extended chronological lifespan.Powers et al., 200616418483

.

max-1Motor AXon guidanceCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.PLEKHH1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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mcm-2yeast MCM (licensing factor) relatedCaenorhabditis elegansChromatin modificatioonRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 15% mean lifespan extension.MCM2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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mec-8MEChanosensory abnormalityCaenorhabditis elegansRNA-binding protein splicing factorMutation extends lifespan.RBPMSApfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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MEP2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAmmonium permeaseDeletion extended chronological lifespan.RHCGPowers et al., 200616418483

.

MEP3Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAmmonium transportDeletion extended chronological lifespan.RHCGPowers et al., 200616418483

.

mes-1Maternal Effect SterileCaenorhabditis elegansRequired for early asymmetric divisions of the germ lineMutation animals that lack germ cells live about 60% longer than controls.STK24Arantes-Oliveira et al., 200211799246

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mev-1Abnormal MEthyl Viologen sensitivityCaenorhabditis elegansSuccinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome b subunitMutants are hypersensitive to raised oxygen concentrations and their lifespan decreases dramatically as oxygen concentrations increase.SDHCIshii et al., 19989716135

.

Mgat5mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5Mus musculusMannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5Although grossly normal at birth, knockout mice display multiple deficiencies with age including hypersensitivity to autoimmune disease, higher oxidative metabolism, resistance to weight-gain, and signs of early ageing such as osteoporosis, decreased muscle mass, and depletion of adult stem cells. Interestingly, Mgat5-/-Pten+/- and Mgat5+/-Pten+/- mutant mice showed a small but significant increase in lifespan when compared to Pten+/- mice, accompanied by an apparent delay in the inevitable development of cancer in Pten+/- mice.MGAT5Cheung et al., 200717483135

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mnk-1MAP kinase iNtegrating Kinase (MNK) homologCaenorhabditis elegansRegulation of signallingRNA interference shortened wild-type (20%) and ife-2 mutant (15%) maximum lifespan.MKNK1Syntichaki et al., 200717277769

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MntCG13316-PC, isoform CDrosophila melanogasterHomolog of the mammalian Mnt and Mad family of transcriptional repressorsA dMnt null allele results in flies with larger cells, increased weight, and decreased lifespan.MNT, MXD1Loo et al., 200516055719

.

mod-5Modulation Of locomotion DefectiveCaenorhabditis elegansSerotonin metabolismKnockouts show a modest life-shortening effect.SLC6A4Murakami and Murakami, 200717559503

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MPT5Saccharomyces cerevisiaeBinds to mRNAs encoding chromatin modifiers and spindle pole body componentsOverexpression extended lifespan by about 25%.Kennedy et al., 19979150138

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mrp-5Multidrug Resistance Protein familyCaenorhabditis elegansMultidrug resistance-associated protein/mitoxantrone resistance protein, ABC superfamilyRNA interference extended lifespan.ABCC5Lee et al., 200312447374

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MSRAMethionine sulfoxide reductase ADrosophila melanogasterMSRA repairs damage resulting from oxidative stressOverexpression in the nervous system extended lifespan by up to 70%, increased resistance to oxidative stress, and delayed the onset of senescence-induced decline in activity levels and reproductive capacity.MSRARuan et al., 200211867705

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MsraMethionine sulfoxide reductase AMus musculusMSRA repairs damage resulting from oxidative stressKnockouts exhibit a shorter lifespan and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress.MSRAMoskovitz et al., 200111606777

.

mthmethuselahDrosophila melanogasterG-protein coupled receptor activityMutants displayed approximately 35 percent increase in average lifespan and enhanced resistance to various forms of stress.Lin et al., 19989794765

.

mtl-2MeTaLlothioneinCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.KRTAP5-9Murphy et al., 200312845331

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MXR1Mxr1pSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion of MsrA decreases and overexpression increases (by 25%) the lifespan.MSRAKoc et al., 200415141092

.

mysmyospheroidDrosophila melanogasterBeta integrinMutants exhibit ameliorated age-related declines in locomotor activity and an increase in mean lifespan of 20%.ITGB1Goddeeris et al., 200314570233

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nac-2NADC (Na+-coupled dicarboxylate transporter) familyCaenorhabditis elegansNa -coupled dicarboxylate transporterRNA interference knockdown leads to an increase in average (19%) and maximal lifespan (50%).SLC13A4Fei et al., 200414678010

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nac-3NADC (Na+-coupled dicarboxylate transporter) familyCaenorhabditis elegansNa -coupled dicarboxylate transporterRNA interference knockdown leads to an increase in average (15%).SLC13A5Fei et al., 200312480943

.

nas-38Nematode AStacin proteaseCaenorhabditis elegansMeprin A metalloproteaseRNA interference extended lifespan.BMP1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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NDE1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMitochondrial electron transport chainOverexpression of Nde1 and Nde2 resulted in a longer replicative life span (20-25%) on 2% glucose, but not on 0.5% glucose.Lin et al., 200414724176

.

NDE2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMitochondrial electron transport chainOverexpression of Nde1 and Nde2 resulted in a longer replicative life span (20-25%) on 2% glucose, but not on 0.5% glucose.Lin et al., 200414724176

.

NDI1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMitochondrial electron transport chainDeletion results in chronological lifespan extension.AMIDLi et al., 200616436509

.

Neil1nei endonuclease VIII-like 1 (E. coli)Mus musculusBase excision repair of ring-fragmented purines and some saturated pyrimidinesKnockout mice develop severe obesity, dyslipidemia, fatty liver disease, increased levels of DNA damage in the mtDNA, and have a tendency to develop hyperinsulinemia.NEIL1Vartanian et al., 200616446448

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NF1Neurofibromin 1Drosophila melanogasterTumor supressorNF1 mutants had a shortened lifespan and exhibited increased vulnerability to heat and oxidative stress as well as reduced mitochondrial respiration and elevated ROS production. Overexpression of NF1 increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced ROS production. It increased mean lifespan by 49% in males and 68% in females and maximum lifespan by 38% in males and 52% in females. It also improved reproductive fitness.NF1Tong et al., 200717369827

.

nfi-1NFI (Nuclear Factor I) familyCaenorhabditis elegansTranscription/replication factorDeletion results in animals with defects in movement, pharyngeal pumping and egg-laying, and with a reduced lifespan.NFIALazakovitch et al., 200516242019

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nhr-14Nuclear Hormone Receptor familyCaenorhabditis elegansHepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and similar steroid hormone receptorsRNA interference extended lifespan.HNF4AHamilton et al., 200515998808

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nhr-154Nuclear Hormone Receptor familyCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.NR2C2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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nhr-49Nuclear Hormone Receptor familyCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference shortened lifespan and altered fatty acid composition.Van Gilst et al., 200515719061

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nhx-2Na/H eXchangerCaenorhabditis elegansGene inactivation by RNA interference led to a loss of fat stores in the intestine and a 40% increase in lifespan.SLC9A3Nehrke, 200312939266

.

Nos3nitric oxide synthase 3, endothelial cellMus musculusKnockout males exhibited premature death and age-related cardiac dysfunction but not females.NOS3Li et al., 200415350840

.

npa-1Nematode Polyprotein Allergen relatedCaenorhabditis elegansFatty acids and vitamin A bindingRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 32% mean lifespan extension.GOLGB1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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NPT1NicotinatephosphoribosyltranfseraseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCritical for the NAD+ salvage pathwayIncreased dosage increases sir2-dependent silencing and extends yeast replicative lifespan by up to 60%.Anderson et al., 200211884393

.

nrs-1asparagiNyl tRNA SynthetaseCaenorhabditis eleganstRNA synthesisRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 11% mean lifespan extension.NARSChen et al., 200717521386

.

nuc-1abnormal NUCleaseCaenorhabditis elegansDeoxyribonuclease II, involved in apoptotic DNA degradationRNA interference extended lifespan.DNASE2BMurphy et al., 200312845331

.

nuo-1NADH Ubiquinone OxidoreductaseCaenorhabditis elegansMutations result in developmental arrest and increased lifespan.NDUFV1Tsang et al., 200111410594

.

nuo-2NADH Ubiquinone OxidoreductaseCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.NDUFS3Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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nuo-3NADH Ubiquinone OxidoreductaseCaenorhabditis elegansNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NDUFA6/B14 subunitRNA interference extends lifespan.NDUFA6Hansen et al., 200516103914

.

nuo-4NADH Ubiquinone OxidoreductaseCaenorhabditis elegansNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NDUFA10/42kDa subunitRNA interference extends lifespan.NDUFA10Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

nuo-5NADH Ubiquinone OxidoreductaseCaenorhabditis elegansNADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NDUFS1/75 kDa subunitRNA interference extends lifespan.NDUFS1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

odr-3ODoRant response abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansG Protein, Alpha subunitLoss-of-function mutation extended mean lifespan by 10-30% but not maximum lifespan. Life-extension was dependent on daf-16 but cumulative with daf-2 mutations.GNAO1Lans and Jansen, 200617187771

.

opt-2OligoPeptide TransporterCaenorhabditis elegansGene inactivation by RNA interference of nhx-2 and opt-2 led to a 10-20% increase in lifespan.SLC15A1Nehrke, 200312939266

.

Or83bOdorant receptor 83bDrosophila melanogasterOdorant receptorLoss-of-function mutation resulted in olfactory defects, altered adult metabolism, enhanced stress resistance, and life-extension. Female Or83b2 mutant flies showed a 56% increase in median lifespan and a 30% increase in maximum lifespan. Males were also long-lived, though to a smaller degree and maximum lifespan was not extended. Heterozygous mutants of both sexes showed an intermediate longevity. Dietary restriction further extended lifespan.Liebert et al., 200717272684

.

osm-1OSMotic avoidance abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes a predicted intraflagellar transport (IFT) raft proteinLoss-of-function mutation increases lifespan by up to 40%.IFT172Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

.

osm-3OSMotic avoidance abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes a kinesin motor domainRecessive loss-of-function alleles can extend lifespan.KIF17Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

.

osm-5OSMotic avoidance abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansLoss-of-function mutation can increase lifespan by 100-150%.TTC10Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

.

osm-6OSMotic avoidance abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansRequired for dauer formationLoss-of-function mutation increases lifespan by up to 40%.C20orf9Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

.

ovoDrosophila melanogasterTranscription factor required for female germ line maintenance and gametogenesisThe dominant ovoD1 allele extends female lifespan by approximately 50%. It does not synergize or prevent life-extension caused by chico.OVOL1Sgro and Partridge, 199910617470

.

p53Drosophila melanogasterCell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repairExpression of dominant-negative versions of p53 in adult neurons extended lifespan by 58% in females and 32% in males and increased resistance to genotoxic stress.TP53Bauer et al., 200516303568

.

pab-1PolyA Binding proteinCaenorhabditis elegansPolyA Binding proteinRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 30% mean lifespan extension.PABPC1Pan et al., 200717266680

.

pab-2PolyA Binding proteinCaenorhabditis elegansPolyA Binding proteinRNA interference increased maximum lifespan by 10-15%.PABPC4Pan et al., 200717266680

.

par-5abnormal embryonic PARtitioning of cytoplasmCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference slightly shortens lifespan and suppresses life-extension by sir-2.1 overexpression but not by daf-2 mutants. Overexpression extends lifespan by 30%, but is suppressed by RNA interference of daf-16.YWHABWang et al., 200616860373

.

pat-4Paralysed Arrest at Two-foldCaenorhabditis elegansIntegrin-mediated muscle cell attachments during embryogenesisRNA interference increased mean lifespan by 9-16%.ILKHansen et al., 200516103914

.

pat-6Paralysed Arrest at Two-foldCaenorhabditis elegansMuscle assembly and functionRNA interference increased mean lifespan by 13-21%.PARVAHansen et al., 200516103914

.

PcmtProtein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferaseDrosophila melanogasterProtein repairOverexpression extended lifespan by 32-39% at 29 degrees but not at 25 degrees.PCMT1Chavous et al., 200111742076

.

pdk-1PDK-class protein kinaseCaenorhabditis elegansSerine/threonine kinaseLoss-of-function alleles extend lifespan by 60%.PDPK1Paradis et al., 199910364160

.

pep-2Caenorhabditis elegansIntestinal peptide transporterDeletion results in retarded development, reduced body size and extended reproductive lifespan. It also further extends (60%) the life-extension caused by daf-2 mutations.PEPT1Meissner et al., 200415155758

.

pes-2Patterned Expression SiteCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Murphy et al., 200312845331

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pfn-2ProFiliNCaenorhabditis elegansCytoskeleton organizationRNA interference extended lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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pgl-1P GranuLe abnormalityCaenorhabditis elegansComponent of germ line P-granulesMutation extended lifespan.Arantes-Oliveira et al., 200211799246

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pha-4defective PHArynx developmentCaenorhabditis elegansPharynx developmentPHA-4 may play a role in the life-extending effects of dietary restriction. RNA interference decreased lifespan of wild-type worms, but not of daf-2 mutants or of animals with defective electron transport chains. Overexpression slightly increased longevity.FOXA1Panowski et al., 200717476212

.

PHB1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion results in a reduction in mean and maximum replicative lifespan and a defect in mitochondrial membrane potential.PHBCoates et al., 19979259555

.

PHB2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion results in a reduction in mean and maximum replicative lifespan and a defect in mitochondrial membrane potential.PHB2Coates et al., 19979259555

.

Pit1POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1 (Pit1, growth hormone factor 1)Mus musculusTranscription factor that regulates pituitary developmentKnockouts live about 40% longer than controls.POU1F1Flurkey et al., 200111371619

.

Pka-C1cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1Drosophila melanogastercAMP-dependent protein kinase 1PKA-overexpressing flies (hsPKA*/+) have an about 30% extended maximum lifespan.PRKACBTong et al., 200717369827

.

Pka1cAMP-dependent protein kinaseSchizosaccharomyces pombeKnockouts exhibited a three-fold increase in lifespan.PRKACBRoux et al., 200616822282

.

PlauPlasminogen activator, urokinaseMus musculusA protease that converts plasminogen to plasminOverexpression in the brain of transgenic mice resulted in less food consumption (20%), reduced body weight (20%), reduced temperature, and a prolonged lifespan (20%).PLAUMiskin et al., 199910638529

.

pnk-1PaNtothenate KinaseCaenorhabditis elegansPantothenate kinase PanK involved in coenzyme A biosynthesisRNA interference shortened lifespan.PANK4Lee et al., 200312447374

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PolgPolymerase (DNA directed), gammaMus musculusInvolved in mitochondrial DNA replication and repairMice with a proof-reading-deficient version of Polg display an increased amount of mtDNA mutations and signs of premature ageing including a reduced lifespan, weight loss, reduced subcutaneous fat, alopecia, kyphosis, osteoporosis, anaemia, reduced fertility, and heart enlargement.POLGTrifunovic et al., 200415164064

.

pos-1POsterior SegregationCaenorhabditis elegansCCCH-type Zn-fingerRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 20%.ZFP36L1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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POSHPlenty of SH3sDrosophila melanogasterNeural-specific overexpression of DPOSH extends the mean lifespan of adult flies by 14%.SH3MD2Seong et al., 200111868902

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Ppm1dprotein phosphatase 1D magnesium-dependent, delta isoformMus musculusMay contribute to oncogenesis through functional inactivation of p53Kncokout mice are resistant to spontaneous tumors but show a modest reduction in lifespan and reduced body weight.PPM1DNannenga et al., 200616652371

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prdx-2PeRoxireDoXinCaenorhabditis elegansAlkyl hydroperoxide reductase, thiol specific antioxidantRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.Ha et al., 200616673436

.

prdx-3PeRoxireDoXinCaenorhabditis elegansAlkyl hydroperoxide reductase, thiol specific antioxidantRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.PRDX3Ha et al., 200616673436

.

Prdx1Peroxiredoxin 1Mus musculusInvolved in redox regulationKnockout mice have a shortened lifespan and develop severe haemolytic anaemia and several malignant cancers.PRDX1Neumann et al., 200312891360

.

Prop1Prophet of Pit1, paired-like homeodomain transcription factorMus musculusTranscription factor involved in hormonal regulation and developmentKnockouts are dwarf but live approximately 1 year longer than controls.PROP1Brown-Borg et al., 19968900272

.

prx-5PeRoXisome assembly factorCaenorhabditis elegansPeRoXisome assembly factorRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 30%.PEX5Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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pucpuckeredDrosophila melanogasterHeterozygous loss-of-function mutations extend lifespan and increase resistance to oxidative stress.Wang et al., 200314602080

.

R05A10.5Caenorhabditis elegansZinc metalloproteinRNA interference extended lifespan.BAI2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

R08E3.3Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.CCDC22Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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R11E3.4Caenorhabditis elegansHistone H3 (Lys9) methyltransferase SUV39H1/Clr4RNA interference extended lifespan.EHMT1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

R53.4Caenorhabditis elegansATP synthesisRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 20%.ATP5J2Chen et al., 200717521386

.

RAD27Saccharomyces cerevisiaeGenomic stabilityMutations result in signs of premature ageing.FEN1Hoopes et al., 200212024027

.

RAD50Subunit of MRX complex, with Mre11p and Xrs2pSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGenomic stabilityMutations result in a 70% reduced lifespan.RAD50Park et al., 199910207108

.

RAD51Strand exchange proteinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMutations result in a 40% reduced lifespan.RAD51Park et al., 199910207108

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RAD52RAD51 homolog (RecA homolog, E. coli) (S. cerevisiae)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDNA repairMutations result in a 70% reduced lifespan.RAD52Park et al., 199910207108

.

RAD57Saccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein that stimulates strand exchange by stabilizing the binding of Rad51p to single-stranded DNAMutations result in a 40% reduced lifespan.XRCC3Park et al., 199910207108

.

Rae1RAE1 RNA export 1 homolog (S. pombe)Mus musculusRNA exportHaploinsufficiency of Bub3 and Rae1, but not haploinsufficiency of either gene by itself, reduces lifespan by 12% and appears to accelerate ageing.RAE1Baker et al., 200616476774

.

RAS1GTPase involved in G-protein signaling in the adenylate cyclase activating pathwaySaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion increased mean (23%) and maximum (29%) lifespan.RRAS2Sun et al., 19948034612

.

RAS2GTP-binding protein that regulates the nitrogen starvation response, sporulation, and filamentous grSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOverexpression of a mutant gene caused a 43% increase in mean and 18% increase in maximum lifespan.RRAS2Sun et al., 19948034612

.

rbrubyDrosophila melanogasterB-subunit of AP-3 complexLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 23%.AP3B2Simonsen et al., 200717435236

.

rcq-5ReCQ DNA helicase familyCaenorhabditis elegansATP-dependent DNA helicaseRNA interference did not appear to affect development but reduced lifespan by 37%.RECQL5Jeong et al., 200314642561

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RdhCG14975-PADrosophila melanogasterOverexpression results in a 6-8% increase in mean lifespan.Landis et al., 200312620118

.

REI1Cytoplasmic pre-60S factorSaccharomyces cerevisiaeInvolved in bud growth in the mitotic signaling networkDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by about 40%.ZNF622Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

rha-2RNA HelicAseCaenorhabditis elegansDEAH helicaseRNA interference extends mean lifespan by 30-32%.DHX37Hansen et al., 200516103914

.

rhi-1RHo GDICaenorhabditis elegansRho GDP-dissociation inhibitorRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.ARHGDIAHa et al., 200616673436

.

rho-7rhomboid-7Drosophila melanogasterRequired for mitochondrial fusion during fly spermatogenesis and muscle maturationKnockout flies have severe neurological defects and a much reduced lifespan.PARLMcQuibban et al., 200616713954

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ril-2RNAi-Induced LongevityCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Hansen et al., 200516103914

.

rnf-5RiNg Finger proteinCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.RNF185Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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ROM2GDP/GTP exchange protein (GEP) for Rho1p and Rho2pSaccharomyces cerevisiaeActivator of protein kinase CDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by about 30%.ARHGEF3Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

RPD3Histone deacetylaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRegulates transcription and silencingDeletion extended lifespan by 41%, independently of an intact Sir silencing complex.HDAC2Kim et al., 199910512855

.

Rpd3CG7471-PADrosophila melanogasterRegulates transcription and silencingMutations extend lifespan by 33% in males and 52% in females.HDAC2Rogina et al., 200212459580

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rpl-19Ribosomal Protein, Large subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Large subunitRNA interference in adulthood extended maximum lifespan by 11%.RPL19Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

rpl-30Ribosomal Protein, Large subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Large subunitRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 13%.RPL30Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

rpl-4Ribosomal Protein, Large subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Large subunitRNA interference in adulthood extended maximum lifespan by 14%.RPL4Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

rpl-9Ribosomal Protein, Large subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Large subunitRNA interference in adulthood extended maximum lifespan by 6%.RPL9Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

RPL10Saccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein component of the large (60S) ribosomal subunitHeterozygosity for rpl10D increased median replicative lifespan by 24%.RPL10LChiocchetti et al., 200717174052

.

RPL31ASaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein component of the large (60S) ribosomal subunitDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by 45%.RPL31Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

RPO41Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMutants exhibit reduced chronological lifespan accompanied by imbalanced mitochondrial translation, conditional inactivation of respiration, elevated production of reactive oxygen species, and increased oxidative stress.POLRMTBonawitz et al., 200616782871

.

rps-10Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Small subunitRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 16% increase in maximum lifespan.RPS10Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

rps-11Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegans40S subunit of the ribosomeRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 28%.RPS11Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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rps-15Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Small subunitRNA interference in young adults reducing mRNA levels approximately two- to fivefold increased median lifespan 10-50% and maximum lifespan by about 40%. A life-extending effect was also observed in daf-16 mutants and sir-2.1 mutants but not in daf-2 mutants. TOR RNA interference further extended lifespan.RPS15Hansen et al., 200717266679

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rps-22Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Small subunitRNA interference in adulthood increased maximum lifespan by 20-35% while RNA interference throughout the entire lifespan reduced maximum lifespan by 14%.RPS15AHansen et al., 200717266679

.

rps-26Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Small subunitRNA interference in adulthood increased maximum lifespan by 20%.LOC644191Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

rps-3Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegans40S subunit of the ribosomeRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 32%.RPS3Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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rps-6Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegansRibosomal Protein, Small subunitRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 25% increase in maximum lifespan.RPS6Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

rps-8Ribosomal Protein, Small subunitCaenorhabditis elegans40S subunit of the ribosomeRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 18%.RPS8Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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RPS18ASaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein component of the small (40S) ribosomal subunitDeletion of both RPS18A and RPS18B paralogs increased replicative lifespan by 15%.RPS18Chiocchetti et al., 200717174052

.

RPS18BSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein component of the small (40S) ribosomal subunitDeletion of both RPS18A and RPS18B paralogs increased replicative lifespan by 15%.RPS18Chiocchetti et al., 200717174052

.

RPS6BSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein component of the small (40S) ribosomal subunitDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by about 30%.RPS6Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

rsks-1RSK-pSeventy (RSK-p70 kinase) homologCaenorhabditis elegansTranslational regulatorRNA interference reducing S6K (rsks-1) mRNA levels by about two-fold extended mean lifespan 13-47% and maximum lifespan by up to 60%. Deletion mutants also lived longer. A life-extending effect was also observed in daf-16 mutants and sir-2.1 mutants but not in daf-2 mutants. TOR RNA interference further extended lifespan.RPS6KB1Hansen et al., 200717266679

.

RTG3Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTranscription factor involved in intracellular signalingKnockout mutation causes an increase in lifespan.Jiang et al., 200011024000

.

rutrutabagaDrosophila melanogasterNeurofibromin- dependent adenylyl cyclaseTwo rutabaga mutants, rut1 and rut2080, had significantly shortened lifespans.ADCY1Tong et al., 200717369827

.

ryrosyDrosophila melanogasterElectron transportLoss-of-function mutation reduces maximum lifespan by 35%.XDHSimonsen et al., 200717435236

.

sams-1S-Adenosyl Methionine SynthetaseCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan by 14-15%.MAT2AHansen et al., 200516103914

.

sas-5Spindle ASsembly abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansChromatin modificatioonRNA interference in adulthood increased mean lifespan by 30%.LMO7Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

.

sca-1SERCA (Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase)Caenorhabditis elegansRequired for development and muscle functionRNA interference extends lifespan.ATP2A2Oh et al., 200616380712

.

SCH9Protein kinase that regulates signal transduction activity and G1 progressionSaccharomyces cerevisiaeControls cAPK activity, required for nitrogen activation of the FGM pathwayMutations increase resistance to oxidants and extend lifespan by up to threefold. Stress-resistance transcription factors Msn2/Msn4 and protein kinase Rim15 are required for this life-extension.AKT2Fabrizio et al., 200111292860

.

scl-1SCP-Like extracellular proteinCaenorhabditis elegansRequired for life-extension of daf-2 and age-1 mutants. Downregulation of scl-1 reduces lifespan and stress resistance.PI16, CRISP3, CRISP1Ookuma et al., 200312620193

.

SCP1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion increased lifespan by over 65%.TAGLN2Gourlay et al., 200415024029

.

sel-5Suppressor/Enhancer of Lin-12Caenorhabditis elegansARK kinase family memberRNA interference in adulthood increased mean lifespan by 29%.AAK1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

.

sem-5SEx Muscle abnormalCaenorhabditis elegansRegulates RAS-MAP and -IP3 signal transductionRNA interference in adulthood increased mean lifespan by 24%.GRB2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

.

ser-1SERotonin/octopamine receptor familyCaenorhabditis elegansSerotonin receptor geneDeletion increased longevity by up to 46%.HTR2CMurakami and Murakami, 200717559503

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ser-4SERotonin/octopamine receptor familyCaenorhabditis elegansSerotonin receptor geneDeletion shortened early- to mid-lifespan.HTR1AMurakami and Murakami, 200717559503

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sgk-1Serum- and Glucocorticoid- inducible kinase homologCaenorhabditis elegansSGK-1 acts in parallel to the AKT kinases to mediate DAF-2 signalingDeletion results in defective egg-laying, extended generation time, increased stress resistance, and life-extension.SGKHertweck et al., 200415068796

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SGS1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeNucleolar DNA helicase of the RecQ family involved in maintenance of genome integrityMutations cause premature ageing in mother cells including a shortened lifespan, sterility, and redistribution of the Sir3 silencing protein from telomeres to the nucleolus.RECQLSinclair et al., 19979271578

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Shc1SHC (Src homology 2 domain containing) transforming protein 1Mus musculusRegulation of intra-cellular redox levels, signal transduction, and apoptosisKnockout mice a 30% increase in lifespan.SHC1Migliaccio et al., 199910580504

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sinh-1SIN-1 (S. pombe stress activated protein kinase interactor) HomologCaenorhabditis elegansStress-activated MAP kinase-interacting protein, Sin1pRNA interference extends lifespan.MAPKAP1Hansen et al., 200516103914

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SIP2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeOne of three beta subunits of the Snf1 serine/threonine protein kinase complexDeletion results in reduced resistance to nutrient deprivation and a shorter lifespan accompanied by signs of accelerated ageing such as accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA.PRKAB2Ashraphi et al., 200010921902

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sir-2.1Yeast SIR related (68.8 kD) (sir-2.1)Caenorhabditis elegansNAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that silences gene expressionOverexpression extends lifespan by about 50%.SIRT1Tissenbaum and Guarente, 200111242085

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Sir2Drosophila melanogasterNAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that silences gene expressionOverexpression of dSir2 extends lifespan by up to 57%, whereas a decrease in dSir2 blocks the life-extending effect of caloric reduction or rpd3 mutations.SIRT1Rogina et al., 200415520384

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sir2Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 (S. cerevisiae)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeNAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that silences gene expressionOverexpression extended lifespan by about 30%.SIRT1Kaeberlein et al., 199910521401

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sir3Silent information regulatorSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSilencing proteinMutants show a 20% decrease in mean lifespan.SIRT3Kaeberlein et al., 199910521401

.

sir4Silent information regulatorSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSilencing proteinMutation extends lifespan by more than 30%.SIRT4Kennedy et al., 19957859289

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Sirt2Drosophila melanogasterNAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that silences gene expressionDecreased expression by RNA interference caused lethality during development. Silencing in neurons shortened mean lifespan by 20%.SIRT1Kusama et al., 200617159295

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Sirt6sirtuin 6 (silent mating type information regulation 2, homolog) 6 (S. cerevisiae)Mus musculusNAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that silences gene expressionKnockout mice develop signs of premature ageing including a short lifespan.SIRT6Mostoslavsky et al., 200616439206

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Sirt6Drosophila melanogasterNAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that silences gene expressionDecreased expression by RNA interference caused lethality during development. Silencing in neurons shortened mean lifespan by 20%.SIRT6Kusama et al., 200617159295

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skr-1SKp1 Related (ubiquitin ligase complex component)Caenorhabditis elegansSKp1 Related (ubiquitin ligase complex component)RNA interference in adulthood of skr-1 and skr-2 shortened the extended lifespan of daf-2(mu150) mutants by up to 44%. No effect in the lifespan of wild-type worms or in the extended lifespans of glp-1(e2141ts) or eat-2(ad1116) mutants was observed.SKP1AGhazi et al., 200717392428

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skr-2SKp1 Related (ubiquitin ligase complex component)Caenorhabditis elegansSKp1 Related (ubiquitin ligase complex component)RNA interference in adulthood of skr-1 and skr-2 shortened the extended lifespan of daf-2(mu150) mutants by up to 44%. No effect in the lifespan of wild-type worms or in the extended lifespans of glp-1(e2141ts) or eat-2(ad1116) mutants was observed.SKP1AGhazi et al., 200717392428

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Slc25a4solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4Mus musculusInvolved in the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membraneKnockouts exhibited a shortened lifespan and increased hydrogen peroxide production and in some tissues.SLC25A4Esposito et al., 199910220377

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smk-1suppressor of MEK nullCaenorhabditis elegansStress responseRNA interference of smk-1 completely suppressed the extended longevity of daf-2 mutations and partly the life-extension of clk-1 mutants. It only slightly shortened the lifespan of wild-type worms.SMEK1Wollf et al., 200616530049

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SNCAsynuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor)Caenorhabditis elegansSNCA may serve to integrate presynaptic signaling and membrane traffickingTransgenic lines overexpressing human SNCA lived about 25% longer, even in a daf-2 mutant background, and exhibited decreased pharyngeal pumping and egg-laying.SNCAVartiainen et al., 200616782295

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SNF1AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOverexpression shortened lifespan accompanied by signs of premature ageing.PRKAA2Ashraphi et al., 200010921902

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SNF4Protein kinase activator found in a complex containing Snf1p and members of the Sip1p/Sip2p/Gal83p fSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeleting SNF4 extends lifespan by 10-20%.PRKAG2Ashraphi et al., 200010921902

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Sod1Cu, Zn superoxide dismutaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtects cells against oxygen toxicityOverexpression of Sod1 and Sod2 extends survival by 30%.SOD1Fabrizio et al., 200312586694

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Sod1Superoxide dismutaseDrosophila melanogasterAntioxidantOverexpression of catalase and Sod1 result in a one-third lifespan extension, a slower rate of mortality acceleration, and a delayed loss in physical performance.SOD1Orr and Sohal, 19948108730

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Sod2Manganese-containing superoxide dismutaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtects cells against oxygen toxicityOverexpression of Sod1 and Sod2 extends survival by 30%.SOD2Fabrizio et al., 200312586694

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Sod2Superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn)Drosophila melanogasterProtects cells against oxygen toxicityRNA interference results in increased oxidative stress and early-onset mortality in young adults.SOD2Kirby et al., 200212456885

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spe-26Defective SPErmatogenesisCaenorhabditis elegansEmbryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and thermotoleranceMutation that reduced sperm production also increased mean lifespan by about 65%.KLHL20Van Voorhies, 19921448167

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spt-4SPT transcription factor familyCaenorhabditis elegansTranscription elongation factorRNA interference extended lifespan.SUPT4H1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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sru-17Serpentine Receptor, class UCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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srw-100Serpentine Receptor, class WCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.TAS2R14Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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srw-20Serpentine Receptor, class WCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.XCR1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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srw-99Serpentine Receptor, class WCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extended lifespan.TAS2R14Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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SSD1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMaintenance of cellular integrityOverexpression increased lifespan longevity by 50%, independently of Sir2, although Sir2 further extends lifespan.Kaeberlein et al., 200415126388

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sugsugarbabeDrosophila melanogasterOverexpression results in a 5-9% increase in mean lifespan.GLIS2Landis et al., 200312620118

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sunStuntedDrosophila melanogasterLigand of the GPCR MethuselahMutations increase lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress.Svejic et al., 200415133470

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Surf1surfeit gene 1Drosophila melanogasterA putative COX assembly factorKnockdown resulted in larval lethality. However, knockdown in the CNS not only bypassed the larval lethality but it resulted in an increase in maximum lifespan of about 20-30%.SURF1Zordan et al., 200616172499

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Surf1surfeit gene 1Mus musculusA putative COX assembly factorKnockout mice displayed a prolonged lifespan of about 20%.SURF1Dell'Agnello et al., 200717210671

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T02H6.11Caenorhabditis elegansUbiquinol cytochrome c reductase, subunit QCR7RNA interference extends lifespan by about 40%.UQCRBLee et al., 200312447374

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T04A11.6Caenorhabditis elegansHelicase involved in DNA repair and DNA condensationMutants have a low brood size, a shortened lifespan, and an increased amount of germ-line apoptosis.BLMGrabowski et al., 200516181657

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T05A1.4Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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T06G6.4Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.CENPEHamilton et al., 200515998808

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T07A9.8Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted RNA methylase involved in rRNA processingRNA interference extends lifespan.KIAA0409Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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T09A5.8Caenorhabditis elegansHeterochromatin-associated protein HP1 and related CHROMO domain proteinsRNA interference extends lifespan.HSMPP8Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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T20H4.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.NDUFS8Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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T21B10.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 17%.MRPL50Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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T23H2.5Caenorhabditis elegansGTP-binding proteinRNA interference increases lifespan by 14-16%.RAB10Hansen et al., 200516103914

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T27F7.3Caenorhabditis elegansTranslation initiation factor (eIF) complexRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 25%.PIGBCurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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tag-177Temporarily Assigned Gene nameCaenorhabditis elegansSignalingRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 16%.UTP20Chen et al., 200717521386

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tag-181Temporarily Assigned Gene nameCaenorhabditis elegansSerine/threonine protein kinaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 21%.LATS1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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tag-264Temporarily Assigned Gene nameCaenorhabditis elegansMitochondrial translationRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 21%.MRPS30Chen et al., 200717521386

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tag-300Temporarily Assigned Gene nameCaenorhabditis elegansSubunit of the vacuolar ATPaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 23%.ATP6V1B2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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tag-60Temporarily Assigned Gene nameCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.SLC9A3R1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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tauMesocricetus auratusA mutation shortens the circadian period, increases metabolic rate, and increases lifespan by 14-16%.MAPTOklejewicz and Daan, 200212054192

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tax-4abnormal CHEmotaxisCaenorhabditis elegansForms heteromeric cyclic nucleotide-gated channel along with Tax-2Recessive loss-of-function allele can increase lifespan by up to 100%.CNGA1Apfeld and Kenyon, 199910617200

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Terf2telomeric repeat binding factor 2Mus musculusTRF2 is a telomere-binding protein that has a role in telomere protectionOverexpression results in signs of premature ageing.TERF2Munoz et al., 200516142233

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TertTelomerase reverse transcriptaseMus musculusTelomere elongationOverexpression of telomerase results in a high cancer incidence but also a modest lifespan extension accompanied by a lower incidence of some age-related degenerative diseases, in particular those related to kidney function and germline integrity.TERTGonzalez-Suarez et al., 200515688016

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tkr-1 (old-1)TachyKinin Receptor familyCaenorhabditis elegansTyrosine kinase receptorOverexpression in transgenic animals increased lifespan by about 65% and increases stress resistance without altering development or fertility.TACR1Murakami et al., 19989768365

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TLC1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA template component of telomeraseOverexpression extends lifespan approximately by 20%.Austriaco and Guarente, 19979275199

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Top3bTopoisomerase (DNA) III betaMus musculusInvolved in the supercoiling of the DNA.Deletion results in a normal development but a shorter lifespan accompanied by lesions in multiple organs.TOP3BKwan and Wang, 200111331780

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TOR1PIK-related protein kinase and rapamycin targetSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSubunit of TORC1, a complex that controls growth in response to nutrientsDeletion increased mean and maximum lifespan by 20%.FRAP1Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

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tpa-1TPA (tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate) resistantCaenorhabditis elegansSerine/threonine protein kinaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 28%.PRKCDCurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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TPK2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeEncodes protein kinase A catalytic subunit.Deletion of TPK2 in a tpk1 and tpk3 double mutant background extends lifespan by approximately 25%.PRKACB, PRKACALin et al., 200011000115

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Trp53Transformation related protein 53Mus musculusTumour supressor involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repairMutant mice with activated Trp53 display enhanced resistance to spontaneous tumours and signs of premature ageing including reduced lifespan, osteoporosis, organ atrophy and a diminished stress tolerance.TP53Tyner et al., 200211780111

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Trp63Transformation related protein 63Mus musculusProliferation, differentiation, and cell fateHeterozygous mice have a shortened lifespan and display features of accelerated ageing.TP73LKeyes et al., 200516107615

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trs-1Threonyl-tRNA synthetaseCaenorhabditis eleganstRNA synthesisRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 12%.TARSChen et al., 200717521386

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TrxTThioredoxin TDrosophila melanogasterThioredoxin TOverexpression in neurons increased the level of locomotor activity in aged flies and extended the mean lifespan by 15%.TXNUmeda-Kameyama et al., 200717301052

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Tsc1CG6147-PA Tuberous sclerosis complex genes 1Drosophila melanogasterInsulin/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathwayOverexpression leads to lifespan extension.TSC1Kapahi et al., 200415186745

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ttr-1TransThyretin-Related family domainCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends means lifespan by 14-19%.Hansen et al., 200516103914

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tub-1TUBby-relatedCaenorhabditis elegansRegulation of fat storageMutation leads to life-extension dependent on daf-16.TUBMukhopadhyay et al., 200516054097

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Txn1Thioredoxin 1Mus musculusTXN plays a role in regulating cellular redox status and perhaps oxidative stressOverexpression in transgenic mice resulted in extended median and maximum (35%) lifespan.TXNMitsui et al., 200212230882

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ubh-1UBiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase (family 1)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.UCHL1Ha et al., 200616673436

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ubh-3UBiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase (family 1)Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.UCHL3Ha et al., 200616673436

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UCP2uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)Drosophila melanogasterOverexpression of human UCP2 in the fly nervous system extended lifespan by 10-30%. Ubiquitous overexpression was lethal.Fridell et al., 200516054055

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Ump1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeProteasome assembly proteinOverexpression caused an enhanced preservation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation and enhanced viability during stationary-phase ageing.Chen et al., 200616337885

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unc-13UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes factor involved in synaptic transmissionMutation results in a 150% life-extension in males.UNC13BGems and Riddle, 200010747056

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unc-26UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes synaptojanin, a polyphosphoinositide phosphataseMutations in unc-26 extend lifespan by 30-50%.SYNJ1Lakowski and Hekimi, 19989789046

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unc-31UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansMay be involved in the insulin receptor signaling pathwayMutation increases hermaphrodite lifespan by approximately 70% and male lifespan by 150%.CADPSAilion et al., 199910377425

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unc-32UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansVacuolar H+-ATPase V0 sector, subunit aMutation extends lifespan.ATP6V0A1Gems and Riddle, 200010747056

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unc-4UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes a neuronal homeodomain transcription factorMutation results in a two-fold life-extension in males.Gems and Riddle, 200010747056

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unc-52UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansBasement-membrane (HSPG) coreRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 11%.HSPG2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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unc-62UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 38%.MEIS1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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unc-64UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansMutations in unc-64 and unc-31 result in constitutive dauer formation and increase lifespan, which is suppressed by mutations in daf-16.STX1AAilion et al., 199910377425

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unc-76UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansEncodes FEZ family protein involved in axon-axon interactionsAllele extends male lifespan by about 50%.FEZ2Gems and Riddle, 200010747056

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unc-83UNCoordinatedCaenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.CENPFHamilton et al., 200515998808

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URE2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRegulates activity of the nitrogen-responsive transcription factor Gln3Deletion increased mean replicative lifespan by 20%.Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

UTH1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMutation increases lifespan by approximately 15% and increases stress resistance.Kennedy et al., 19957859289

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vha-6Vacuolar H ATPaseCaenorhabditis elegansVacuolar H ATPaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 24%.ATP6V0A4Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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VhaSFDVacuolar H+-ATPase SFD subunitDrosophila melanogasterRegulatory subunit of the vacuolar ATPase proton pumpOverexpression results in a 5-10% increase in mean lifespan.ATP6V1HLandis et al., 200312620118

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vit-5VITellogenin structural genes (yolk protein genes)Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted lipoproteinRNA interference extends lifespan.CENPEMurphy et al., 200312845331

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vitellogeninC42D8.2Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.BMPERMurphy et al., 200312845331

.

W01B11.3Caenorhabditis elegansRibosome biogenesisRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 15%.NOP5/NOP58Chen et al., 200717521386

.

W07E6.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA methylaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 31%.NOL1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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W09C5.8Caenorhabditis elegansCytochrome c oxidase, subunit IV/COX5bRNA interference extends lifespan about 60%.COX4I1Lee et al., 200312447374

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W09H1.5Caenorhabditis elegansZn2+-binding dehydrogenase (nuclear receptor binding factor-1)RNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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XPAXeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group AMus musculusNucleotide-excision repairMutant mice exhibit symptoms of premature ageing, including reduced lifespan, osteoporosis and kyphosis, osteosclerosis, early greying, cachexia, and infertility.de Boer et al., 200211950998

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Xrcc5X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 5Mus musculusDouble strand break-repair proteinDeletion results in signs of premature ageing such as osteopenia, atrophic skin, hepatocellular degeneration, and age specific mortality.XRCC5Vogel et al., 199910485901

.

Y105C5B.12Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 27%.MAT1ACurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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Y37D8A.12Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.PCLOHamilton et al., 200515998808

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Y38C1AA.3Caenorhabditis elegansNicotinamidaseKnockouts showed a 30% decrease in maximum lifespan. Overexpression of pnc-1 increased adult survival under oxidative stress but did not extend the lifespan.van der Horst et al., 200717335870

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Y39F10C.1Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.VMO1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Y39G10AR.8Caenorhabditis elegansTranslationRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 24%.EIF2S3Chen et al., 200717521386

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Y39H10A.6Caenorhabditis elegansWD40 repeat-containing proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.WDR26Hansen et al., 200516103914

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Y43F8B.12Caenorhabditis elegansHelicase-like transcription factor HLTF/DNA helicase RAD5, DEAD-box superfamilyRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Y43H11AL.2Caenorhabditis elegansPredicted membrane proteinRNA interference extends lifespan.PQLC2Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Y46G5A.6Caenorhabditis elegansF box proteinRNA interference in adulthood shortened the extended lifespan of daf-2(mu150) mutants. Only a negligible or small reduction in the lifespan of wild-type worms was observed in knockouts.ASCC3L1Ghazi et al., 200717392428

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Y46H3C.6Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.MYT1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Y47D3A.15Caenorhabditis elegansProtein involved in Snf1 protein kinase complex assemblyRNA interference resulted in decreased lifespan and earlier accumulation of lipofuscin.PRKAB2Ha et al., 200616673436

.

Y47G6A.10Caenorhabditis elegansAAA+-type ATPase peptidaseRNA interference in adulthood resulted in a 23% increase in mean lifespan.AFG3L2Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

.

Y48G1A.4Caenorhabditis elegansRibosome biogenesisRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 21%.NOL14Chen et al., 200717521386

.

Y53F4B.23Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.UBN1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

Y54E10BR.4Caenorhabditis elegansRibonucleaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 15%.NOB1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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Y54E5A.7Caenorhabditis elegansSPRY domain-containing proteinsRNA interference extends lifespan.RANBP10, RANBP9Hansen et al., 200516103914

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Y56A3A.19Caenorhabditis elegansSubunit of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complexRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 21%.NDUFAB1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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Y56A3A.9Caenorhabditis elegansReverse transcriptaseRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

.

Y65B4BR.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 17%.NACACurran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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Y71G12B.4Caenorhabditis elegansPeptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenaseRNA interference extends lifespan.PAMHansen et al., 200516103914

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Y71H2AR.2Caenorhabditis elegansCysteine proteinase Cathepsin LRNA interference extends lifespan.CTSL2Hansen et al., 200516103914

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Y75B8A.13Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.DSPPHamilton et al., 200515998808

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Y75B8A.33Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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YBR238CSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by 30%.Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

YBR255WSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDeletion increased mean replicative lifespan by 30%.Kaeberlein et al., 200516293764

.

YKU70Subunit of the telomeric Ku complex (Yku70p-Yku80p)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMutants had a shorter lifespan.XRCC6Kaeberlein et al., 199910521401

.

YKU80Subunit of the telomeric Ku complex (Yku70p-Yku80p)Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMutants had a shorter lifespan.XRCC5Kaeberlein et al., 199910521401

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ZC132.3Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 26%.Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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ZDS1Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTranscriptional silencingDeletion increases lifespan by 37% in a Sir3p-dependent manner.Roy and Runge, 200010662670

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zfp-1Zinc Finger ProteinCaenorhabditis eleganszfp-1 encodes a leucine zipper, zinc finger, and PHD/LAP domainRNA interference shortened lifespan.MLLT10Oh et al., 200616380712

.

ZK1127.5Caenorhabditis elegansRNA cyclaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 24%.RCL1Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

.

ZK520.2Caenorhabditis elegansRNA interference extends lifespan.OTOGHamilton et al., 200515998808

.

ZK686.2Caenorhabditis elegansRNA helicaseRNA interference in adulthood extended mean lifespan by 24%.DDX51Curran and Ruvkun, 200717411345

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ZK896.7Caenorhabditis elegansC-type lectinRNA interference extends lifespan.FNDC1Hamilton et al., 200515998808

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Zmpste24zinc metallopeptidase, STE24 homolog (S. cerevisiae)Mus musculusMetalloproteinase involved in the maturation of lamin A (Lmna)Knockout mice exhibit nuclear architecture abnormalities and signs of accelerated ageing.ZMPSTE24Varela et al., 200516079796