Subsection	Sentence	Translation
Formal Expressions	吾輩は猫である。	I am a cat.
Formal Expressions	混合物とは、２種類以上の純物質が混じりあっている物質である。	An amalgam is a mixture of two or more pure substances.
Formal Expressions	国土交通省は２年後に利用率を７０％まで引き上げる考えで、買い替え時に利用する気になるかどうかがカギになりそうだ。	With the idea of raising percentage of usage to 70% in two years, it seems likely that the key will become whether the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport will employ [it] when it buys replacements.
Formal Expressions	これは不公平ではないでしょうか。	Wouldn't you consider this to be unfair?
Formal Expressions	言語は簡単にマスターできることではない。	Language is not something that can be mastered easily.
Formal Expressions	花火は、火薬と金属の粉末を混ぜたものに火を付け、燃焼時の火花を楽しむためのもの。	Fireworks are for the enjoyment of sparks created from combustion created by lighting up a mixture of gunpowder and metal powder. 
Formal Expressions	企業内の顧客データを利用し、彼の行方を調べることが出来た。	Was able to investigate his whereabouts using the company's internal customer data. 
Formal Expressions	この旅館は、様々な新しい設備が備えており、とても快適だった。	This Japanese inn having been equipped with various new facilities, was very comfortable. 
Things that should be a certain way	彼は漫画マニアだから、これらをもう全部読んだはずだよ。	He's has a mania for comic book so I expect he read all these already.
Things that should be a certain way	この料理はおいしいはずだったが、焦げちゃって、まずくなった。	This dish was expected to be tasty but it burned and became distasteful.
Things that should be a certain way	色々予定してあるから、今年は楽しいクリスマスのはず。	Because various things have been planned out, I expect a fun Christmas this year.
Things that should be a certain way	そう簡単に直せるはずがないよ。	It's not supposed to be that easy to fix. 
Things that should be a certain way	打合せは毎週２時から始まるはずじゃないですか？	This meeting is supposed to start every week at 2 o'clock, isn't it?
Things that should be a certain way	何かを買う前に本当に必要かどうかをよく考えるべきだ。	Before buying something, one should think well on whether it's really necessary or not.
Things that should be a certain way	例え国のためであっても、国民を騙すべきではないと思う。	Even if it is, for example, for the country, I don't think the country's citizens should be deceived.
Things that should be a certain way	預金者が大手銀行を相手取って訴訟を起こすケースも出ており、金融庁は被害者の救済を優先させて、金融機関に犯罪防止対策の強化を促すべきだと判断。	With cases coming out of depositors suing large banks, the Financial Services Agency decided it should prioritize relief for victims and urge banks to strengthen measures for crime prevention.
Things that should be a certain way	早く帰るべき。	Should go home early.
Things that should be a certain way	早く帰るべく、準備をし始めた。	In trying to go home early, started the preparations.
Things that should be a certain way	試験に合格すべく、皆一生懸命に勉強している。	Everybody is studying very hard in an effort to pass the exam.
Things that should be a certain way	今後もお客様との対話の窓口として、より充実していくべく努力してまいります。	We are working from here in an effort to provide a enriched window for customer interaction.
Things that should be a certain way	ゴミ捨てるべからず。	You must not throw away trash.
Things that should be a certain way	安全措置を忘れるべからず。	You must not forget the safety measures. 
Expressing the minimum expectation	宿題が多すぎて、トイレに行く時間さえなかった。	There was so much homework, I didn't even have time to go to the bathroom.
Expressing the minimum expectation	お金さえあれば、何でも出来るよ。	The least you need is money and you can do anything.
Expressing the minimum expectation	お弁当を買うお金さえなかった。	I didn't even have money to buy lunch.
Expressing the minimum expectation	私でさえ出来れば、あんたには楽ちんでしょう。	If even I can do it, it should be a breeze for you.
Expressing the minimum expectation	ビタミンを食べさえすれば、健康が保証されますよ。	If you just eat vitamins, your health will be guaranteed.
Expressing the minimum expectation	自分の過ちを認めさえしなければ、問題は解決しないよ。	The problem won't be solved if you don't even recognize your own mistake, you know.
Expressing the minimum expectation	この天才の私ですらわからなかった。	Even a genius such as myself couldn't solve it.
Expressing the minimum expectation	私は緊張しすぎて、ちらっと見ることすら出来ませんでした。	I was so nervous that I couldn't even take a quick peek.
Expressing the minimum expectation	「人」の漢字すら知らない生徒は、いないでしょ！	There are no students that don't even know the 「人」 kanji!
Expressing the minimum expectation	漢字はおろか、ひらがなさえ読めないよ！	Forget about kanji, I can't even read hiragana!
Expressing the minimum expectation	結婚はおろか、2ヶ月付き合って、結局別れてしまった。	We eventually broke up after going out two months much less get married.
Expressing the minimum expectation	大学はおろか、高校すら卒業しなかった。	I didn't even graduate from high school much less college.
Showing signs of something	早くきてよ！何を恥ずかしがっているの？	Hurry up and come here. What are you acting all embarrassed for?
Showing signs of something	彼女は朝早く起こされるのを嫌がるタイプです。	My girlfriend is the type to show dislike towards getting woken up early in the morning.
Showing signs of something	うちの子供はプールに入るのを理由もなく怖がる。	Our child acts afraid about entering a pool without any reason. 
Showing signs of something	家に帰ったら、すぐパソコンを使いたがる。	[He] soon acts like wanting to use computer as soon as [he] gets home.
Showing signs of something	みんなイタリアに行きたがってるんだけど、私の予算で行けるかどうかはとても怪しい。	Everybody is acting like they want to go to Italy but it's suspicious whether I can go or not going by my budget.
Showing signs of something	妻はルイヴィトンのバッグを欲しがっているんだけど、そんなもん、買えるわけないでしょう！ 	My wife was showing signs of wanting a Louis Vuitton bag but there's no way I can buy something like that!
Showing signs of something	私は寒がり屋だから、ミネソタで暮らすのは辛かった。	I'm the type who easily gets cold and so living in Minnesota was painful.
Showing signs of something	ボールは爆発せんばかりに、膨らんでいた。	The ball was expanding as if it was going to explode.
Showing signs of something	「あんたと関係ない」と言わんばかりに彼女は彼を無視していた。	She ignored him as if to say, "You have nothing to do with this."
Showing signs of something	昨日のケンカで何も言わなかったばかりに、平気な顔をしている。 	Has a calm face as if [he] didn't say anything during the fight yesterday. 
Showing signs of something	紅葉が始まり、すっかり秋めいた空気になってきた。	With the leaves starting to change color, the air came to become quite autumn like. 
Showing signs of something	そんな謎めいた顔をされても、うまく説明できないよ。	Even having that kind of puzzled look done to me, I can't explain it very well, you know. 
Showing signs of something	いつも皮肉めいた言い方をしたら、みんなを嫌がらせるよ。	You'll make everyone dislike you if you keep speaking with that ironic tone, you know.
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	このテレビがこれ以上壊れたら、新しいのを買わざるを得ないな。	If this TV breaks even more, there's no choice but to buy a new one. 
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	ずっと我慢してきたが、この状態だと歯医者さんに行かざるを得ない。 	I tolerated it all this time but in this situation, I can't not go to the dentist.
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	上司の話を聞くと、どうしても海外に出張をせざるを得ないようです。	Hearing the story from the boss, it seems like I can't not go on a business trip overseas no matter what.
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	やむを得ない事由により手続が遅れた場合、必ずご連絡下さい。	If the paperwork should be late due to uncontrollable circumstance, please make sure to contact us.
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	この仕事は厳しいかもしれませんが、最近の不景気では新しい仕事が見つからないのでやむを得ない状態です。	This job may be bad but with the recent economic downturn, it's a situation where nothing can be done.
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	この場ではちょっと決めかねますので、また別途会議を設けましょう。	Since making a decision here is impossible, let's set up a separate meeting again.
Formal expressions of non-feasibility	このままでは、個人情報が漏洩しかねないので、速やかに対応をお願い致します。	At this rate, there is a possibility that personal information might leak so I request that this be dealt with promptly.
Tendencies	確定申告は忘れがちな手続のひとつだ。	Filing income taxes is one of those processes that one is apt to forget.
Tendencies	留守がちなご家庭には、犬よりも、猫の方がおすすめです。	For families that tend to be away from home, cats are recommended over dogs.
Tendencies	父親は病気がちで、みんなが心配している。	Father is prone to illness and everybody is worried.
Tendencies	テレビを見ながら、寝ちゃダメよ！	Don't watch TV while sleeping! 
Tendencies	二日酔いで痛む頭を押さえつつ、トイレに入った。	Went into the bathroom while holding an aching head from a hangover.
Tendencies	体によくないと思いつつ、最近は全然運動してない。	While thinking it's bad for body, haven't exercised at all recently.
Tendencies	電気製品の発展につれて、ハードディスクの容量はますます大きくなりつつある。	With the development of electronic goods, hard disk drive capacities are becoming ever larger.
Tendencies	今の日本では、終身雇用や年功序列という雇用慣行が崩れつつある。	In today's Japan, hiring practices like life-time employment and age-based ranking are tending to break down.
Tendencies	多くの大学生は、締切日ぎりぎりまで、宿題をやらないきらいがある。	A lot of college students have a bad tendency of not doing their homework until just barely it's due date.
Tendencies	コーディングが好きな開発者は、ちゃんとしたドキュメント作成と十分なテストを怠るきらいがある。	Developers that like coding have a bad tendency to neglect proper documents and adequate testing.
Advanced Volitional	相手は剣の達人だ。そう簡単には勝てまい。	Your opponent is a master of the sword. I doubt you can win so easily. 
Advanced Volitional	そんな無茶な手段は認めますまい！	I won't approve of such an unreasonable method!
Advanced Volitional	その時までは決して彼に会うまいと心に決めていた。	Until that time, I had decided in my heart to not meet him by any means.
Advanced Volitional	あの人は、二度と嘘をつくまいと誓ったのです。	That person had sworn to never lie again.
Advanced Volitional	明日に行くのをやめよう。	Let's not go tomorrow. (lit: Let's quit going tomorrow.)
Advanced Volitional	肉を食べないようにしている。	Trying not to eat meat.
Advanced Volitional	あいつが大学に入ろうが入るまいが、俺とは関係ないよ。	Whether that guy is going to college or not, it has nothing to do with me.
Advanced Volitional	時間があろうがあるまいが、間に合わせるしかない。	Whether there is time or not, there's nothing to do but make it on time.
Advanced Volitional	最近のウィルスは強力で、プログラムを実行しようがしまいが、ページを見るだけで感染するらしい。	The viruses lately have been strong and whether you run a program or not, I hear it will spread just by looking at the page. 
Advanced Volitional	今後50年、人間が直面するであろう問題に正面から向き合って、自ら解決をはかりつつ、そのノウハウが次の産業となるシナリオを考えたい。	I would like to directly approach problems that humans have likely encounter the next 50 years and while measuring solutions, take that knowledge and think about scenarios that will become the next industry.
Advanced Volitional	もちろん、生徒数減少の現在、学科の新設は困難であろうが、職業科の統廃合や科内コースの改編などで時代に合わせた変革が求められているはずである。	Of course, new educational facilities will likely be difficult with this period of decreasing student population but with reorganizations of subjects and courses within subjects, there is supposed to be demand for reform fit for this period. 
Advanced Volitional	どんな商品でもネットで販売するだけで売上が伸びるというものではなかろう。	It's not necessarily the case that sales go up just by selling any type of product on the net.
Advanced Volitional	運動を始めるのが早かろうが遅かろうが、健康にいいというのは変わりません。	Whether you start exercising early or late, the fact that it's good for you health doesn't change.
Advanced Volitional	休日であろうが、なかろうが、この仕事では関係ないみたい。	Whether it's a holiday or not, it looks like it doesn't matter for this job.
Covered by something	このドキュメントは間違えだらけで、全然役に立たない。	This document is just riddled with mistakes and is not useful at all. 
Covered by something	携帯を２年間使ってたら、傷だらけになった。	After using cell phone for 2 years, it became covered with scratches.
Covered by something	この埃だれけのテレビをちゃんと拭いてくれない？	Can you properly dust this TV completely covered in dust?
Covered by something	彼は油まみれになりながら、車の修理に頑張りました。	While becoming covered in oil, he worked hard at fixing the car.
Covered by something	たった１キロを走っただけで、汗まみれになるのは情けない。	It's pitiful that one gets covered in sweat from running just 1 kilometer.
Covered by something	白ずくめ団体は去年ニューズになっていた。	The organization dressed all in white was on the news last year. 
Covered by something	女の子と共通の話題ができて、自分の体も健康になる。いいことずくめですよ。	A common topic to talk about with girls is able to be made and one's own body also becomes healthy. It's all good things.
Advanced proximity of actions	彼女は、教授の姿を見るが早いか、教室から逃げ出した。	The instant [she] saw the teacher's figure, [she] ran away from the classroom.
Advanced proximity of actions	「食べてみよう」と言うが早いか、口の中に放り込んだ。	The instant [he] said "let's try eating it", he threw [it] into his mouth.
Advanced proximity of actions	「食べてみよう」と言ったが早いか、口の中に放り込んだ。	The instant [he] said "let's try eating it", he threw [it] into his mouth.
Advanced proximity of actions	私の顔を見るや、何か言おうとした。	[He] tried to say something as soon as he saw my face.
Advanced proximity of actions	搭乗のアナウンスが聞こえるや否や、みんながゲートの方へ走り出した。	As soon as the announcement to board was audible, everybody started running toward the gate. 
Advanced proximity of actions	子供が掃除するそばから散らかすから、もうあきらめたくなった。	The child messes up [the room] (repeatedly) as soon as I clean so I already became wanting to give up.
Advanced proximity of actions	教科書を読んだそばから忘れてしまうので勉強ができない。	Forget (repeatedly) right after I read the textbook so I can't study. 
Others	昼間だから絶対込んでいると思いきや、一人もいなかった。	Despite having thought that it must be crowded since it was afternoon, (surprisingly) not a single person was there.
Others	このレストランは安いと思いきや、会計は5千円以上だった！	Thought this restaurant would be cheap but (surprisingly) the bill was over 5,000 yen! 
Others	散歩がてら、タバコを買いに行きました。	While taking a stroll, I also used that time to buy cigarettes.
Others	博物館を見がてらに、お土産を買うつもりです。	While seeing the museum, I plan to also use that time to buy souvenirs.
Others	事情を2時間かけて説明をしたあげく、納得してもらえなかった。	[After a great deal of] explaining the circumstances for 2 hours, [in the end], couldn't receive understanding.
Others	先生と相談のあげく、退学することにした。	[After much] consulting with teacher, [in the end], decided on dropping out of school.